chapter 15 Immune system disorders (diana's version) Flashcards
these are not good, loses regulations and lose control (too much sensitivity)
hypersensitivity
immune system is doing destruction in your tissues, causing you harm
hypersensitivity
___ is also referred to as allergy
an antigen response beyond what is considered normal
hypersensitivity
true or false. In hypersensitivity the immune response is mounted against an allergen
true
what type of antigen is causing the hypersensivity?
it’s called an allergen
describe the characteristics of hypersensivity
Also referred to as allergy
* An antigenic response beyond what is considered normal
* Immune response is mounted against an allergen
* The allergen is the antigen that causes hypersensitivity
type 1 hypersensitivity: is referred to as what?
referred to as anaphylactic response
what are the apparent symptoms in Type 1 hypersensivity?
there are none apparent symptoms
Type 1 hypersensivity: The 1st encounter with the allergen causes ___ cells to differentiate into plasma and _____ cells
B, and memory cells
TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITVITY: The plasma cels make ____ which then binds to mast cells or basophils
Ig E
what happens if the allergy is sytematic?
vasodilatation and vasoconstriction
what happens in the 2nd encounter with the allergen ?
Ig e molecules binds to antigen and mast or basophil cell which then releases histamine
histamine triggers what?
vasodilation: redness, swelling itchiness
mucous production: runny nose , tears
contraction of bronchial muscles: difficulty beathing
what happens if the allergen is spread throughout the body?
anaphylactic shock (sudden decrease in blood pressure)
for example: allergy to peanuts
what are the three treatments for hypersensivity?
antihistamine
epinephrine
allergy shots
what is used to treat anaphylactic shock?
epinephrine
this blocks the action of histamine
antihistamine
what works well for mild symptoms (example : hay fever)
antihistmaine
True or false. Antihistamine . Histamine is still produced but cannot trigger inflamamtion
true
_____ acts as a vasoconstrictor increasing blood pressure (the effects lasts for 20-30 minutes)
epinephrine
what buys time to allow for administration of intravenous anthistamine
epinephrine
this is an antagonistic (reversing) effective tool to fix the problem and binds to smooth muscle receptor to cause reverse
epinephrine
what are allergy shots name 3 charcateristics
this is injected like a vaccine
increasing doses of the antigen are given over 2 years
this induces memory cells that produces Ig G instead of Ig E
true or false.
allergy shots:
IgG will bind to and neutralize the antigen preventing it from binding IgE(this prevents the release of histamine)
true
what is the antibody dependent cytotoxicity?
type II hypersensivity
true or false. TYPE III HYPERSENSIVITY
antibodies are produced against foreign human cells
false, this is type II hypersensitivity
ABO blood group
Antibodies target A and B antigens on red blood cells
Activates macrophages leading to phagocytosis and complement activation against the foreign cell
Type II hypersensivity
example : Type II hypersensivity
blood transfusions characteristics
ABO blood group
Antibodies target A and B antigens on red blood cells
Activates macrophages leading to phagocytosis and complement activation against the foreign cell
what class is unique to one person, and 2 other people cannot have the same.
MCH1
what is the red blood cell mature cell?
nuclear
what is another example of Type II Hypersensivity
Rh Factor
what only occurs on the 2nd or subsequent pregnancy?
this is what we call Rh Factor
_____ is another surface antigen on red blood cells
Rh
Rh factor:
Hemolytic disease of the newborn can result:
When a child is produced between a Rh- woman and an Rh+ man the child has 50% of being Rh+
If this happens the mother can make antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells which kill the baby after birth
Rh Factor is compatible or imcompatible?
incompatible
Type III hypersensitivity is what?
immune complex fomration
Type III hypersensivity characteristics
immune complex formation
it occurs when there are certain antibody to antigen ratios in the blood
the antibody forms small complexes with the antigen which then get trapped in the membrane causing problems
this can also activate complement which in turn activates neutrophils to release enzymes
- causes inflammation
-this can damage blood vessels
destroy cell will get replaced by what ?
scar tissue
what is known to be a delayed hypersensivity?
type four
Type IV Hypersensivity is the result of what response?
cell-mediated response
This causes a delayed reaction 24-72 hours after contact
type four hypersensivity
____ results from the activation of memory Tc cells an example would be contact dermatitis
Type IV hypersensivity
how does Type IV hypersensivity?
small chemicals interact with skin proteins to form antigens
causes a change in skin cells
cell mediated immune response acts against foreign or abnormal cells
-targets a localized area of skin
cytooxic T cells destroy altered skin cells: causes red,itchy, swollen skin
what is another example of Type IV hypersensivity
poison ivy
Define the characteristics for poison ivy in type IV hypersensivity
first contact: limited response occurs and there is no resulting dermatitis
second contact: memory T cells differentiate into activated cytotoxic T cells causes allergic contact dermatitis
is transplantation meant to help you or not ?
it is meant to help you
This involves a cell mediated response against anetigenically different MHC molecules, this is attacked by Tc and NK cells
transplation
what does a successful transplants require?
closely matched tissues
treatment with drugs that suppress the immune response
-cyclosporin: prevents clonal expansion
since the immune system is suppressed transplant patients are very susceptible to infection
-patients must kept in isolation
Transplantation: Graft vs host disease
True or false.
Cytotoxic T cells from the donor tissue see the host’s body as foreign and attack.
often occurs after
true.
often occurs after bone marrow transplant
is it true that our body can reject EVEN after 1 year of getting a transplant, immune system can recognize that it is not your MHC1.
yes this is indeed true
True or false. If you’re going after donor tissue, transplant issue most likely it will get rejected
true
immunodeficiency disorders is a result to what?
results due to inadequate immune system
what are the two types of immunodeficiency
Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency
Acquired immune deficiency
define the characteristics of primary congenital immunodeficiency
SCID
non functional T and b cells
allows for severe infections to develop
define the characteristics for Acquired Immune Deficiency: Acquire Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
This is the last stage of HIV infection
HIV infects and subsequently kills T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
patient is extremely susceptible to infection : both antibody and cell mediated response is impaired.
Autoimmune disease
true or false.
\when the body mounts an immune response to itself
this can occur in response to what?
can be what?
may be ____ case
true
infection
genetic (inherited)
unknown
what are the four types of autoimmune disease
- rheumatoid arthritis
- rheumatoid fever
- lupus
- multiple sclerosis
rheumatic fever develops in some people following a what infection
strep throat infection
antibodies are produced against the ________ protein
Streptococcus M protein
Is it true that the M protein is very similar to the heart muscle?, and what is the consequence
yes it is true and the consequence is that the antibodies attack the heart causing tissue damage
true or false when you have a primary (congenital) immunodeficiency, you have to be in isolation
true
what is entirely gone when you have a primary congenital immunodeficiency?
your adaptive system is completely gone
below 200 T cells what sets in?
AIDS sets in
true or false. M protein is used for the bacteria to stick streptococcus pyogenes
true
if the antibodies stick to the heart, do you figure this is a good thing?
no this is not good
something that looks similar but misrecognized (serious consequences), destroying something that’s not suppose to be destroyed
autoimmune disease
Rheumatic Arthritis define the characteristics
IgM, IgG, and complement act against collagen in the joints
causes chronic inflammation and joint pain
true or false. You would never want to destroy your collagen.
true, you would never want to destroy your collagen
we have a dna that opens up (dies ) fragments, this is outside the cell, and leads to subsequent destruction in which produce antibodies to DNA complex , what is this describing?
this is describing LUPUS
Define the characteristics of Lupus
antibodies produced to chromatin, which is a complex of proteins, RNA and DNA
the chromatin- antibody complex accumulates in the joints, kidneys, and blood vessels
trauma inside of your kidneys, a lot of these patients- needs dialysis, and soon will need a kidney transplant
lupus
what is multiple sclerosis?
multiple sclerosis is destroy myelin and very difficult to send signals it is a multi factorial
Define the characteristics for multiple sclerosis
T cells and macrophages attack the myelin sheath covering the neurons
symptoms range from mild fatigue to severe paralysis
this may be triggered by infection with epstein barr virus
a lot of different disease symptoms or developing, destroying key component of your system and correlated whether or not a person can develop this disease
multiple scleorosis
