chapter 10 Principles of disease and eidemiology (diana's verision)

Question 1

Principles of disease:
Pathology
describe what is means

Answer 1

the study of disease
we are concerned with the ethiology and pathogenecity

Question 2

what is ethiology?

Answer 2

this is the primary concern, the cause of the disease

Question 3

what is pathogenecity?

Answer 3

this is the second concern
how the disease develops
infection: the colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms
disease: an abnormal state where body is not capable of performing normal functions

Question 4

definition of infection

Answer 4

the colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms

Question 5

definition of disease

Answer 5

abnormal state where body is not capable of performing normal functions

Question 6

a typical human body has approximately ____ human cells.

Answer 6

approximately 1 x10^-13

Question 7

as we know a typical human body has 1 x 10^-13 of human cells , how much does it harbors?

Answer 7

harbors approximately 1 x 10^-14

Question 8

define what transient microbiota mean

Answer 8

microbes that may be present for days or months and then disappear

Question 9

The microflora is localized in certain regions of the body, where is this generally found? and inlude examples of its specificity

Answer 9

this is usually found in expose areas, such as skin, respiratory, intestinal, and urinary tracts all of which are exposed to the outside world

Question 10

what are the role of microbiota (name 2) and then include the category that undergoes this function

Answer 10

benefit the host by preventing the growth of pathogens
other benefits of the microflora
e.coli in the large intestine makes vitamin K and vitamin B (major source)
competitive exclusion
microbial antagonism

Question 11

define what competitive exclusion, include an an example

Answer 11

microflora uses up the nutrients so it can prevent growth of pathogens

example: clostridium difficile is inhibited by normal microflora of the large intestine
if the normal microflora is eliminated because of antibiotic treatment C.difficile can cause infection
this c.difficle infection can lead to fatal inflammation of the colon

Question 12

_______ are microbes that are aprt of the normal microflora and do not nomrally cause disease

Answer 12

opportunistic pathogen

Question 13

oppurtunistic pathogens can cause disease if:

Answer 13

they are transferrred to anothher part of your body
the human host becomes immunocompromised (AIDS)
the normla microflora is disturbed

Question 14

name some example of oppurtunistic pathogen

Answer 14

E.coli is normal resident of the large intestine , if its transferred to the urinary tracts can cause infection

Question 15

what is this describe, what kind of pathogen:

streptococcus pneumoniae is a normal resident of the respiratory tract , when a host is already weakened such as a following cold it can cause pneumonia

Answer 15

opportunistic pathogen

Question 16

etiology : the cause of disease
these allow the determination of the specific microorganisms that cause disease , name what it is describing, and the steps.

Answer 16

this is koch’s postulates theory

the steps:

1.isolate
2.grow in pure culture
3.inoculate in a healthy lab rat or something
4. re-isolate again and match with the o.g microorganism

Question 17

exceptions to koch’s postulates

Answer 17

1) some bacteria will not grow in pure culture
treponema pallidum : causative agent of syphilis
2) some pathogens cannot used to infect lab animals
HIV
3) sometimes several different microorganims can cause the same disease
pneumonia
4) sometimes one pathogen can cause many different diseases
streptococcus pyogenes : causes strep throat, skin infections, scarlet fever

Question 18

classification of disease : name the three terms

Answer 18

symptoms
signs
syndrome

Question 19

define what signs means

Answer 19

an objective change that a physician can measure
ex : lessions, swellingfever,paralysis

Question 20

define what symptoms means

Answer 20

what the patient is feeling
for example : mailase (rundown feeling) , pain

Question 21

define what syndrome means

Answer 21

a specific group and symptoms that always accompany a particular disease

Question 22

True or false.
Diseases cannot be classified based on their effects on host populations?

Answer 22

true….. sike it’s false duh

Question 23

A disease that spreads from one host to another is called _____, name some example as well.

Answer 23

it’s called communicable disease, for example chicken pox, measles , STD’s

Question 24

this is also define as ‘ easily spread’, include some examples

Answer 24

contagious disease, chicken pox, and measles

Question 25

this does not spread, include an example

Answer 25

non-communicable disease salmonellosis

Question 26

occurence of disease: name all the term

Answer 26

sporadic endemic epidemic pandemic emerging infectious disease

Question 27

what does sporadic mean

Answer 27

disease occurs only occasionally

Question 28

disease that only occurs occsasionally

Answer 28

sporadic

Question 29

low and constant levels of disease for example malaria and common cold

Answer 29

endemic

Question 30

define what endemic means

Answer 30

low and constant levels of disease for example malaria and common cold

Question 31

define what epidemic means :

Answer 31

disease occurs in high numbers in a short time, for example : influenza,

Question 32

epidemic disease that occurs worldwide

Answer 32

pandemic, for example influenza, bird flu

Question 33

define what emerging infectious disease:

Answer 33

newly identified, notable number of cases ex: west nile virus, SARS

Question 34

name the three terms for severity or duration of disease

Answer 34

acute chronic latent

Question 35

define what acute

Answer 35

short time, rapidly developing

Question 36

define what latent means

Answer 36

inactive for a period of time, can be reactivated example : cold sores, herpes simplex virus-I

Question 37

define what chronic means

Answer 37

slow to develop, continual duration

Question 38

extent disease: local infection

Answer 38

confined to a small area of the body

Question 39

microbes or toxin that is spread all around the body, name the four example of this term

Answer 39

this term is known as systematic infection septicemia bactericemia toxemia viremia

Question 40

deifne what systematic mean

Answer 40

microbes or toxin that is spread all throughout the body

Question 41

what does septicemia mean

Answer 41

systematic infection of the blood

Question 42

define what bacteremia mean

Answer 42

bacteria in the blood

Question 43

define what toxemia mean, define the example

Answer 43

toxic in the blood clostridum tetnani causes an infection in the cut tetanus toxin into your blood

Question 44

what are teh stages of disease

Answer 44

incubation period prodromal period period of illness period of decline period of convalescence

Question 45

the time in between the infection and the first signs or symptoms

Answer 45

incubation period

Question 46

define what prodromal period mean

Answer 46

early and mild symptoms such as malaise

Question 47

period of illness

Answer 47

most severe signs and symptoms active immune response may cause signs or symptoms such s fever and if disease is not overcome =death

Question 48

signs and symptoms subside, can last or hours or days and patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

Answer 48

period of decline

Question 49

a person can continue to carry the pathogen for months, and they may be pathogen that are still present and spread to others

Answer 49

period of convalescence: recovery occurs

Question 50

name what this statement is describing : this is the source of the infectious agent

Answer 50

this is called a reservoir, and can be object, foods, living things, etc.

Question 51

people can harbor pathogens and transmit them to tohers and germs may be transmitted during any stage of disease

Answer 51

human resorvoirs

Question 52

define what human resorvoirs mean

Answer 52

people can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others and germs may be transmitted during any stage of disease

Question 53

people can also transmit pathogens without having any signs of disease themselves and are called

Answer 53

carriers, such as typhoid mary:s almonella typhi

Question 54

name the two types of how to spread of infection

Answer 54

1) animal reservoirs 2) non-living reservoirs

Question 55

Animal Reservoirs: Zoonosis:

Answer 55

disease that occurs in animals but can be transmitted to humans example: influenza in birds and pigs rabies in bats, skunks, foxes, etc lyme disease in field mice: transmitted by Ticks

Question 56

define non-living reservoirs : what are the most important examples

Answer 56

soil and water, clostridium tetani found in soil leads to Tetanus in human when the bacteria enters the body through a cut

Question 57

true or false. Fomites are any non-living obect that spreads pathogens example: kleenex, used syringes

Answer 57

true

Question 58

there are three principle routes of transmission:

Answer 58

1) contact transmission 2) vehicle transmission 3) vector transmission

Question 59

what are the three subgroups of contact transmission

Answer 59

1) direct 2) indirect 3) droplet

Question 60

define, direct contact transmission

Answer 60

person to person example : chlamydia and other STDs

Question 61

define indirect (contact transmission)

Answer 61

through fomites

Question 62

define droplet (contact transmission)

Answer 62

spread by short distance (less than 1 meter) example : coughing, sneezing, talking, influenza

Question 63

vehicle transmission and describe it's characteristics

Answer 63

pathogens transmitted by a medium i) waterborne ii)airborne iii)foodborne

Question 64

what are the subgroups of vehicle transmission

Answer 64

waterborne airborne foodborne

Question 65

describe what waterborne is

Answer 65

example would be e.coli due to improperly treated sewage

Question 66

describe what airborne is

Answer 66

spread over less than one meter dust or droplets example would be mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 67

describe what foodborne is

Answer 67

food poisoning , example would be bacillus cereus, salmonellosis

Question 68

what is dust?

Answer 68

dead cells, (bacteria) this can be inhaled in which can be very bad and dirty

Question 69

capacity to move the bacteria to another (animal) acts as a bridge

Answer 69

vector transmission

Question 70

vector transmission and explain it throughly :

Answer 70

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

Question 71

what is usually the vector?

Answer 71

insect

Question 72

name two examples of vector transmission

Answer 72

1) west nile virus - birds are the reservoir -mosquitoes are the vector -humans are the host 2) Lyme disease - field mice are the reservoir -ticks are the vector -humans are the host

Question 73

what does nosocomial infections mean?

Answer 73

it means that it is a hospital infection, there are a lot of resistant bug and people that are weak

Question 74

name the characteristics of nosocomial infections

Answer 74

these are hospital acquired infections these are infections occur in 5-15% of patients they result from several factors: -pathogens in the hospital -immunocompromised (weakened) state of patients chain of transmission 1) direct contact 2) indirect contact 3)airborne

Question 75

describe to me, what does direct contact, indirect contact, airborne mean in terms of nosocomial infections

Answer 75

direct contact: staff to patient or patient to patient indirect contact: through fomites (needles) airborne : through ventilation systems

Question 76

true or false. When you are stress, your immune system goes down?

Answer 76

that is true

Question 77

what are the three ways to control the spread of disease?

Answer 77

1) hygiene 2) vectors 3) avoidance

Question 78

true or false. Proper hand washing is really effective way to remove any contaminants whether that's bacteria or virus that can cause further complications?

Answer 78

true

Question 79

name the characteristics of hygiene and it's contributions

Answer 79

-proper hand washing is the MOST effective way to combat the spread of disease -proper sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation -proper preparation of food and water -proper sanitation and sewage treatment

Question 80

****understanding that when we cook things, the number of microbes of 0 is unlikely, but you just want to make it safe so when you put it in your body, you are not risking yourself of having infection***

Question 81

cooking your food _______, making sure there are no microbes in that can potentially

Answer 81

sterile

Question 82

true or false. It is important for water to get chemically treated, since it's actually filled with different bacteria

Answer 82

true

Question 83

Whenever when we talk about _______: basically bridge in the gap one infected animal or human to another infected animal or human

Answer 83

vectors

Question 84

name the characteristics of vectors

Answer 84

controlling insect vectors example : mosquito control in west nile spread dengue is an example of vector - vaccination of domestic animals ex: against rabies

Question 85

describe the characteristics of avoidance

Answer 85

avoid contact with carriers example : the use of latex gloves Quarantine: removal of infected individuals from society example : tuberculosis

Question 86

name this example, and what kind of controlling the spread of disease technique it's saying: basically using gloves, to not be contaminated with teh carriers so in that case if they have hepatitis b or c or HIV , any infectious material really, you do not have a high chance of catching the disease or at atleast you are minimizing perhaps

Answer 86

avoidance (avoidance with carriers)

Question 87

when someone shows signs of covid or returned to places that has a high numbers of covid is an example of what controlling of the disease?

Answer 87

this is seen as an example of avoidance specifically quarantine

Question 88

someone who is infected, and removing themselves from society, covid positive patients is an example

Answer 88

Quarantine example: tuberculosis sanitoriums

Question 89

people who are vulnerable with serious infection is a good time is a good route patients who are more vulnerable such as immunocompromised, chemotheraphy they are out into _____ as much as it is required to make sure they are protected

Answer 89

isolation

Question 90

describe the characteristics of isolation

Answer 90

people who are highly susceptible to a particular disease are isolated example : bone marrow transplant patients