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microbiology > chapter 10 Principles of disease and eidemiology (diana's verision) > Flashcards

chapter 10 Principles of disease and eidemiology (diana's verision) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Principles of disease:
Pathology
describe what is means

A

the study of disease
we are concerned with the ethiology and pathogenecity

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2
Q

what is ethiology?

A

this is the primary concern, the cause of the disease

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3
Q

what is pathogenecity?

A

this is the second concern
how the disease develops
infection: the colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms
disease: an abnormal state where body is not capable of performing normal functions

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4
Q

definition of infection

A

the colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms

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5
Q

definition of disease

A

abnormal state where body is not capable of performing normal functions

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6
Q

a typical human body has approximately ____ human cells.

A

approximately 1 x10^-13

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7
Q

as we know a typical human body has 1 x 10^-13 of human cells , how much does it harbors?

A

harbors approximately 1 x 10^-14

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8
Q

define what transient microbiota mean

A

microbes that may be present for days or months and then disappear

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9
Q

The microflora is localized in certain regions of the body, where is this generally found? and inlude examples of its specificity

A

this is usually found in expose areas, such as skin, respiratory, intestinal, and urinary tracts all of which are exposed to the outside world

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10
Q

what are the role of microbiota (name 2) and then include the category that undergoes this function

A

benefit the host by preventing the growth of pathogens
other benefits of the microflora
e.coli in the large intestine makes vitamin K and vitamin B (major source)
competitive exclusion
microbial antagonism

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11
Q

define what competitive exclusion, include an an example

A

microflora uses up the nutrients so it can prevent growth of pathogens

example: clostridium difficile is inhibited by normal microflora of the large intestine
if the normal microflora is eliminated because of antibiotic treatment C.difficile can cause infection
this c.difficle infection can lead to fatal inflammation of the colon

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12
Q

_______ are microbes that are aprt of the normal microflora and do not nomrally cause disease

A

opportunistic pathogen

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13
Q

oppurtunistic pathogens can cause disease if:

A

they are transferrred to anothher part of your body
the human host becomes immunocompromised (AIDS)
the normla microflora is disturbed

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14
Q

name some example of oppurtunistic pathogen

A

E.coli is normal resident of the large intestine , if its transferred to the urinary tracts can cause infection

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15
Q

what is this describe, what kind of pathogen:

streptococcus pneumoniae is a normal resident of the respiratory tract , when a host is already weakened such as a following cold it can cause pneumonia

A

opportunistic pathogen

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16
Q

etiology : the cause of disease
these allow the determination of the specific microorganisms that cause disease , name what it is describing, and the steps.

A

this is koch’s postulates theory

the steps:

1.isolate
2.grow in pure culture
3.inoculate in a healthy lab rat or something
4. re-isolate again and match with the o.g microorganism

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17
Q

exceptions to koch’s postulates

A

1) some bacteria will not grow in pure culture
treponema pallidum : causative agent of syphilis
2) some pathogens cannot used to infect lab animals
HIV
3) sometimes several different microorganims can cause the same disease
pneumonia
4) sometimes one pathogen can cause many different diseases
streptococcus pyogenes : causes strep throat, skin infections, scarlet fever

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18
Q

classification of disease : name the three terms

A

symptoms
signs
syndrome

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19
Q

define what signs means

A

an objective change that a physician can measure
ex : lessions, swellingfever,paralysis

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20
Q

define what symptoms means

A

what the patient is feeling
for example : mailase (rundown feeling) , pain

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21
Q

define what syndrome means

A

a specific group and symptoms that always accompany a particular disease

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22
Q

True or false.
Diseases cannot be classified based on their effects on host populations?

A

true….. sike it’s false duh

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23
Q

A disease that spreads from one host to another is called _____, name some example as well.

A

it’s called communicable disease, for example chicken pox, measles , STD’s

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24
Q

this is also define as ‘ easily spread’, include some examples

A

contagious disease, chicken pox, and measles

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25
Q

this does not spread, include an example

A

non-communicable disease salmonellosis

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26
Q

occurence of disease:
name all the term

A

sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic
emerging infectious disease

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27
Q

what does sporadic mean

A

disease occurs only occasionally

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28
Q

disease that only occurs occsasionally

A

sporadic

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29
Q

low and constant levels of disease for example malaria and common cold

A

endemic

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30
Q

define what endemic means

A

low and constant levels of disease for example malaria and common cold

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31
Q

define what epidemic means :

A

disease occurs in high numbers in a short time, for example : influenza,

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32
Q

epidemic disease that occurs worldwide

A

pandemic, for example influenza, bird flu

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33
Q

define what emerging infectious disease:

A

newly identified, notable number of cases
ex: west nile virus, SARS

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34
Q

name the three terms for severity or duration of disease

A

acute
chronic
latent

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35
Q

define what acute

A

short time, rapidly developing

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36
Q

define what latent means

A

inactive for a period of time, can be reactivated
example : cold sores, herpes simplex virus-I

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37
Q

define what chronic means

A

slow to develop, continual duration

38
Q

extent disease:
local infection

A

confined to a small area of the body

39
Q

microbes or toxin that is spread all around the body, name the four example of this term

A

this term is known as systematic infection

septicemia
bactericemia
toxemia
viremia

40
Q

deifne what systematic mean

A

microbes or toxin that is spread all throughout the body

41
Q

what does septicemia mean

A

systematic infection of the blood

42
Q

define what bacteremia mean

A

bacteria in the blood

43
Q

define what toxemia mean, define the example

A

toxic in the blood
clostridum tetnani causes an infection in the cut
tetanus toxin into your blood

44
Q

what are teh stages of disease

A

incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence

45
Q

the time in between the infection and the first signs or symptoms

A

incubation period

46
Q

define what prodromal period mean

A

early and mild symptoms such as malaise

47
Q

period of illness

A

most severe signs and symptoms
active immune response may cause signs or symptoms such s fever and if disease is not overcome =death

48
Q

signs and symptoms subside, can last or hours or days
and patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

A

period of decline

49
Q

a person can continue to carry the pathogen for months, and they may be pathogen that are still present and spread to others

A

period of convalescence: recovery occurs

50
Q

name what this statement is describing :
this is the source of the infectious agent

A

this is called a reservoir, and can be object, foods, living things, etc.

51
Q

people can harbor pathogens and transmit them to tohers and germs may be transmitted during any stage of disease

A

human resorvoirs

52
Q

define what human resorvoirs mean

A

people can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others and germs may be transmitted during any stage of disease

53
Q

people can also transmit pathogens without having any signs of disease themselves and are called

A

carriers, such as typhoid mary:s almonella typhi

54
Q

name the two types of how to spread of infection

A

1) animal reservoirs
2) non-living reservoirs

55
Q

Animal Reservoirs: Zoonosis:

A

disease that occurs in animals but can be transmitted to humans

example: influenza in birds and pigs
rabies in bats, skunks, foxes, etc
lyme disease in field mice: transmitted by Ticks

56
Q

define non-living reservoirs :
what are the most important examples

A

soil and water, clostridium tetani found in soil leads to Tetanus in human when the bacteria enters the body through a cut

57
Q

true or false. Fomites are any non-living obect that spreads pathogens

example: kleenex, used syringes

A

true

58
Q

there are three principle routes of transmission:

A

1) contact transmission
2) vehicle transmission
3) vector transmission

59
Q

what are the three subgroups of contact transmission

A

1) direct
2) indirect
3) droplet

60
Q

define, direct contact transmission

A

person to person example : chlamydia and other STDs

61
Q

define indirect (contact transmission)

A

through fomites

62
Q

define droplet (contact transmission)

A

spread by short distance (less than 1 meter)
example : coughing, sneezing, talking, influenza

63
Q

vehicle transmission and describe it’s characteristics

A

pathogens transmitted by a medium
i) waterborne
ii)airborne
iii)foodborne

64
Q

what are the subgroups of vehicle transmission

A

waterborne
airborne
foodborne

65
Q

describe what waterborne is

A

example would be e.coli due to improperly treated sewage

66
Q

describe what airborne is

A

spread over less than one meter
dust or droplets
example would be mycobacterium tuberculosis

67
Q

describe what foodborne is

A

food poisoning , example would be bacillus cereus, salmonellosis

68
Q

what is dust?

A

dead cells, (bacteria) this can be inhaled in which can be very bad and dirty

69
Q

capacity to move the bacteria to another (animal) acts as a bridge

A

vector transmission

70
Q

vector transmission and explain it throughly :

A

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

71
Q

what is usually the vector?

A

insect

72
Q

name two examples of vector transmission

A

1) west nile virus
- birds are the reservoir
-mosquitoes are the vector
-humans are the host

2) Lyme disease
- field mice are the reservoir
-ticks are the vector
-humans are the host

73
Q

what does nosocomial infections mean?

A

it means that it is a hospital infection, there are a lot of resistant bug and people that are weak

74
Q

name the characteristics of nosocomial infections

A

these are hospital acquired infections
these are infections occur in 5-15% of patients
they result from several factors:
-pathogens in the hospital
-immunocompromised (weakened) state of patients
chain of transmission
1) direct contact
2) indirect contact
3)airborne

75
Q

describe to me, what does direct contact, indirect contact, airborne mean in terms of nosocomial infections

A

direct contact: staff to patient or patient to patient
indirect contact: through fomites (needles)
airborne : through ventilation systems

76
Q

true or false.
When you are stress, your immune system goes down?

A

that is true

77
Q

what are the three ways to control the spread of disease?

A

1) hygiene
2) vectors
3) avoidance

78
Q

true or false.
Proper hand washing is really effective way to remove any contaminants whether that’s bacteria or virus that can cause further complications?

A

true

79
Q

name the characteristics of hygiene and it’s contributions

A

-proper hand washing is the MOST effective way to combat the spread of disease
-proper sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation
-proper preparation of food and water
-proper sanitation and sewage treatment

80
Q

*understanding that when we cook things, the number of microbes of 0 is unlikely, but you just want to make it safe so when you put it in your body, you are not risking yourself of having infection

A
81
Q

cooking your food _______, making sure there are no microbes in that can potentially

A

sterile

82
Q

true or false.
It is important for water to get chemically treated, since it’s actually filled with different bacteria

A

true

83
Q

Whenever when we talk about _______: basically bridge in the gap one infected animal or human to another infected animal or human

A

vectors

84
Q

name the characteristics of vectors

A

controlling insect vectors
example : mosquito control in west nile spread
dengue is an example of vector

  • vaccination of domestic animals
    ex: against rabies
85
Q

describe the characteristics of avoidance

A

avoid contact with carriers
example : the use of latex gloves

Quarantine: removal of infected individuals from society
example : tuberculosis

86
Q

name this example, and what kind of controlling the spread of disease technique it’s saying:

basically using gloves, to not be contaminated with teh carriers so in that case if they have hepatitis b or c or HIV , any infectious material really, you do not have a high chance of catching the disease or at atleast you are minimizing perhaps

A

avoidance (avoidance with carriers)

87
Q

when someone shows signs of covid or returned to places that has a high numbers of covid is an example of what controlling of the disease?

A

this is seen as an example of avoidance specifically quarantine

88
Q

someone who is infected, and removing themselves from society, covid positive patients is an example

A

Quarantine
example: tuberculosis sanitoriums

89
Q

people who are vulnerable with serious infection is a good time is a good route patients who are more vulnerable such as immunocompromised, chemotheraphy

they are out into _____ as much as it is required to make sure they are protected

A

isolation

90
Q

describe the characteristics of isolation

A

people who are highly susceptible to a particular disease are isolated

example : bone marrow transplant patients

microbiology (27 decks)

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