chapter 6 (microbial metabolism) Flashcards
define what metabolism is
metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
it can also be divided into two classes such as anabolic and catabolic
reactions requiring energy
anabolic
reactions generating energy
catabolic
define anabolic
reactions requiring energy
define catabolic
reactions generating energy
what’s breaking down molecules and what’s building molecules?
anabolism (biosynthesis)
- the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
example : amino acids used to build proteins (energy consumed).
Catabolism:
- the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler one
example: proteins broken down into amino acids (energy released).
explain one more time, in detailed what anabolism and catabolism is.
anabolism
- is the building complex organic molecules from simpler one (energy consumed)
Catabolism:
the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler one
(energy released)
how is energy stored?
energy is stored in ATP (adenosine Tri-Phosphate)
how is energy stored?
energy is stored in ATP (adenosine Tri-Phosphate)
how is atp generated?
atp is generated using energy from catabolic reactions
ATP.. High energy ____ is broken
and energy ___ is used as the ____ force for other reactions
give the following illustration
ATP——> ADP +P
bond, released, driving
ATP has two key functions within the cell: fully describe it in detailed ( to test your understanding)
- energy currency of the cell by releasing energy when hydrolyzed to ADP (powers cell metabolism)
2.It may transfer the released phosphate group to to other organic molecules, rendering them less stable and more reactive
ATP is synthesized from ADP using energy derived from one of two sources:
solar energy- photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored as ATP
2.Oxidative processes- cell respiration breaks down organic molecules to release chemical energy that is stored as ATP.
Oxidation-reduction (Redox) reactions:
Define what oxidation mean?
oxidation is removal of electron from a molecule
what does reduction mean?
reduction means addition of electron to a molecule
describe what happens in a redox reaction
in a redox reaction: one molecule gets oxidized and one molecules gets reduced.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, NADH + H+), and give its characteristics
an electron carrier
removes 2e- from a substrate and then gives them to another substrate
2 Protons (H+) are also transferred
NAD +2e+2H—-> NADH +H+ (reducing power)
what must happen for a chemical reaction to proceed?
in order for a chemical reaction to proceed, chemical bonds must be broken
what is a collision theory?
all atoms/molecules are continuously moving and colliding , old chemical bonds can be broken and new bonds can be formed
collision energy needed for chemical reaction
activation energy
what are ways to increase reaction rate:?
increase temperature
increase pressure
enzymes (living systems)
what does enzymes serve as ?, and what does it do ?
they serve as a catalysts , which speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered
does enzymes act on specific substrate or do they do it all at once?
yes they act on a specific substrate , and each enzyme catalyzed only one reaction
true or false. enzymes lowers activation energy
true, enzymes lowers the activation energy
Determine if this statement is true or false.
Enzymatic reactions occur up to 10 billion times faster than without enzymes , and some can process up to 500 000 reactions per second.
True
Carbohydrate catabolism:
What is the most common carbohydrate used for energy?
glucose is the most common carbohydrate used for energy
what are the two processes can that can be used to break down glucose?
cellular reparation and fermentation
what happens in substrate level phosphorylation, provide an example
ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, Example: PEP to PYR
Define the Oxidative phosphorylation
Uses 02 to oxidize electron carriers NADH, FADH, in order to generate ATP
ATP is made by a mechanical process. ADP & Pi are smashed together in ATP synthase
Occurs in electron transport chain on the mitochondrial inner membrane
Water is produced in this process as 02 is reduced
What are the three stages of cellular respiration
1.Glycolysis
2.TCA cycle (kreb cycle or tricarboxylic acid0
3.Electron transport chain
what is glycolysis? give a brief description.
it’s the splitting of sugars
Now describe glycolysis in more in depth way:
Glycolysis is sequence of 10 reactions, 1 glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate, small amount of energy is released (2 ATP + 2 NADH)
it does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
The TCA cycle describe it briefly:
the pyruvate is broken down completely into C02 (carbon dioxide)
The kreb cycle define it
More ATP and NADh produced:
2 ATP
8 NADH
+ other electron carriers
THE TCA cycle or KREB cycle occurs in the : where in v=bacterial cell , and where in eukaryotic cell
cytoplasm of a bacterial cell
mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell
Electron transport Chain:
electrons from NADH are transported through a series of e- carriers
at the end of the chain e- are deposited on 02.
electron transport chain: give the equation and tell where it occurs in the bacteria and eukaryotic cells
it occurs in the cell membrane of bacteria
and in mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells
equation: 1/2 02 +2e- + 2H—> H20
Describe Fermentation:
Also starts with glycolysis
does not have electron transport chain and krebs cycle and it also DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
fermentation: very efficient because it produces only ____ per glucose
2 ATP per glucose
at the end of glycolysis in fermentation…..
pyruvate is converted into a fermentation product
name the two examples of fermentation:
the two examples of fermentation are lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
what is lactic acid fermentation?
pyruvate is converted to lactic acid as a waste product
what are some examples of lactic acid fermentation
yogurt is produced when bacteria ferment the sugars in milk to produce lactic acid: lactobacillus , streptococcus
what is alcohol fermentation
carried out by yeast(fungi) and some bacteria
waste products are ethanol and C02
What are food catabolism? and define what it is.
food catabolism= because bacteria don’t just eat glucose
1.carbohydrates
2.lipids
3.proteins
carbohydrates in food catabolism
polysaccharide are broken down into component sugars
converted to glucose
lipids in food catabolism
broken into components: fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme
lipase
proteins in food catabolism
broken into amino acids, by enzymes proteases
these intermediates can then be catabolized using glycolysis and TCA (kreb cycle)
Anabolism (biosynthesis)
components of glycolysis and TCA cycle usually serve as starting point
for amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide production called prescursor metabolites
