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microbiology > chapter 6 (microbial metabolism) > Flashcards

chapter 6 (microbial metabolism) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define what metabolism is

A

metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
it can also be divided into two classes such as anabolic and catabolic

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2
Q

reactions requiring energy

A

anabolic

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3
Q

reactions generating energy

A

catabolic

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4
Q

define anabolic

A

reactions requiring energy

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5
Q

define catabolic

A

reactions generating energy

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6
Q

what’s breaking down molecules and what’s building molecules?

A

anabolism (biosynthesis)
- the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
example : amino acids used to build proteins (energy consumed).

Catabolism:
- the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler one
example: proteins broken down into amino acids (energy released).

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7
Q

explain one more time, in detailed what anabolism and catabolism is.

A

anabolism
- is the building complex organic molecules from simpler one (energy consumed)

Catabolism:
the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler one
(energy released)

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8
Q

how is energy stored?

A

energy is stored in ATP (adenosine Tri-Phosphate)

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8
Q

how is energy stored?

A

energy is stored in ATP (adenosine Tri-Phosphate)

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9
Q

how is atp generated?

A

atp is generated using energy from catabolic reactions

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10
Q

ATP.. High energy ____ is broken
and energy ___ is used as the ____ force for other reactions

give the following illustration

A

ATP——> ADP +P

bond, released, driving

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11
Q

ATP has two key functions within the cell: fully describe it in detailed ( to test your understanding)

A
  1. energy currency of the cell by releasing energy when hydrolyzed to ADP (powers cell metabolism)
    2.It may transfer the released phosphate group to to other organic molecules, rendering them less stable and more reactive
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12
Q

ATP is synthesized from ADP using energy derived from one of two sources:

A

solar energy- photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored as ATP
2.Oxidative processes- cell respiration breaks down organic molecules to release chemical energy that is stored as ATP.

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13
Q

Oxidation-reduction (Redox) reactions:

Define what oxidation mean?

A

oxidation is removal of electron from a molecule

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14
Q

what does reduction mean?

A

reduction means addition of electron to a molecule

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15
Q

describe what happens in a redox reaction

A

in a redox reaction: one molecule gets oxidized and one molecules gets reduced.

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16
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, NADH + H+), and give its characteristics

A

an electron carrier
removes 2e- from a substrate and then gives them to another substrate
2 Protons (H+) are also transferred

NAD +2e+2H—-> NADH +H+ (reducing power)

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17
Q

what must happen for a chemical reaction to proceed?

A

in order for a chemical reaction to proceed, chemical bonds must be broken

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18
Q

what is a collision theory?

A

all atoms/molecules are continuously moving and colliding , old chemical bonds can be broken and new bonds can be formed

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19
Q

collision energy needed for chemical reaction

A

activation energy

20
Q

what are ways to increase reaction rate:?

A

increase temperature
increase pressure
enzymes (living systems)

21
Q

what does enzymes serve as ?, and what does it do ?

A

they serve as a catalysts , which speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered

22
Q

does enzymes act on specific substrate or do they do it all at once?

A

yes they act on a specific substrate , and each enzyme catalyzed only one reaction

23
Q

true or false. enzymes lowers activation energy

A

true, enzymes lowers the activation energy

24
Q

Determine if this statement is true or false.
Enzymatic reactions occur up to 10 billion times faster than without enzymes , and some can process up to 500 000 reactions per second.

A

True

25
Q

Carbohydrate catabolism:
What is the most common carbohydrate used for energy?

A

glucose is the most common carbohydrate used for energy

26
Q

what are the two processes can that can be used to break down glucose?

A

cellular reparation and fermentation

27
Q

what happens in substrate level phosphorylation, provide an example

A

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, Example: PEP to PYR

28
Q

Define the Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Uses 02 to oxidize electron carriers NADH, FADH, in order to generate ATP
ATP is made by a mechanical process. ADP & Pi are smashed together in ATP synthase
Occurs in electron transport chain on the mitochondrial inner membrane
Water is produced in this process as 02 is reduced

29
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration

A

1.Glycolysis
2.TCA cycle (kreb cycle or tricarboxylic acid0
3.Electron transport chain

30
Q

what is glycolysis? give a brief description.

A

it’s the splitting of sugars

31
Q

Now describe glycolysis in more in depth way:

A

Glycolysis is sequence of 10 reactions, 1 glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate, small amount of energy is released (2 ATP + 2 NADH)

it does not require oxygen (anaerobic)

32
Q

The TCA cycle describe it briefly:

A

the pyruvate is broken down completely into C02 (carbon dioxide)

33
Q

The kreb cycle define it

A

More ATP and NADh produced:
2 ATP
8 NADH
+ other electron carriers

34
Q

THE TCA cycle or KREB cycle occurs in the : where in v=bacterial cell , and where in eukaryotic cell

A

cytoplasm of a bacterial cell
mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell

35
Q

Electron transport Chain:

A

electrons from NADH are transported through a series of e- carriers

at the end of the chain e- are deposited on 02.

36
Q

electron transport chain: give the equation and tell where it occurs in the bacteria and eukaryotic cells

A

it occurs in the cell membrane of bacteria
and in mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells

equation: 1/2 02 +2e- + 2H—> H20

37
Q

Describe Fermentation:

A

Also starts with glycolysis
does not have electron transport chain and krebs cycle and it also DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN

38
Q

fermentation: very efficient because it produces only ____ per glucose

A

2 ATP per glucose

39
Q

at the end of glycolysis in fermentation…..

A

pyruvate is converted into a fermentation product

40
Q

name the two examples of fermentation:

A

the two examples of fermentation are lactic acid and alcohol fermentation

41
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvate is converted to lactic acid as a waste product

42
Q

what are some examples of lactic acid fermentation

A

yogurt is produced when bacteria ferment the sugars in milk to produce lactic acid: lactobacillus , streptococcus

43
Q

what is alcohol fermentation

A

carried out by yeast(fungi) and some bacteria
waste products are ethanol and C02

44
Q

What are food catabolism? and define what it is.

A

food catabolism= because bacteria don’t just eat glucose
1.carbohydrates
2.lipids
3.proteins

45
Q

carbohydrates in food catabolism

A

polysaccharide are broken down into component sugars
converted to glucose

46
Q

lipids in food catabolism

A

broken into components: fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme

lipase

47
Q

proteins in food catabolism

A

broken into amino acids, by enzymes proteases

these intermediates can then be catabolized using glycolysis and TCA (kreb cycle)

48
Q

Anabolism (biosynthesis)

A

components of glycolysis and TCA cycle usually serve as starting point

for amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide production called prescursor metabolites

microbiology (27 decks)

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