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microbiology > chapter 3 (Diana's version) > Flashcards

chapter 3 (Diana's version) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

external structures:
Glycocalyx (sugar coat) define some characteristics of it.

A

sugar coat, gelatinous sticky polymer , can be composed of polysaccharide or protein or even both

it is secreted from the prokaryote onto the outside of the cell wall

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2
Q

what is it called when glycocalyx is only made of sugar?

A

it’s called extracellular polysaccharide

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3
Q

define what capsule is.

A

when the substance of the glycoclayx is firmly attached to the cell wall

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4
Q

define the slime layer.

A

slime layer is when glycoclayx is disorganized and loosely attach to the cell wall.

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5
Q

is capsule an external structure?

A

yes, they contribute to an organisms virulence (ability to cause disease).

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6
Q

capsules:
true or false.
capsules contribute to an organisms virulence (ability to cause a disease)

A

true

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7
Q

what does capsule protect the organism from?

A

phagocytosis

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8
Q

certain organisms such as ____ can only cause disease if they are encapsulated

A

bacillus anthracis

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9
Q

Does the capsule also allows the organism to adhere to and colonize host cells

A

true

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10
Q

Does the capsule also protects the bacterial cell against dehydration and holds nutrients inside of the cell?

A

true

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11
Q

how does the capsules allow the bacterium to survive?

A

by attaching to different surfaces within the microbe’s environment

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12
Q

some organism such as what? may use their capsule as an energy source, breaking down the sugars when energy sources are low.

A

streptococcus mutans

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13
Q

now that we have one external structure establish, name another one that comes to your mind.

A

flagella

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14
Q

where is flagella usually found?

A

it is usually found on some prokaryotic cells

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15
Q

three terms to describe flagella

A

they are long, filamentous, and used for motility

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16
Q

flagella is composed of three primary parts, what are they called?

A

filament, hook, and basal body

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17
Q

among given primary parts of the flagella, give the definitions for each

A

filament= composed of the circular flagellin protein forming a helix around a hollow core, it is not also covered by sheath

hook= made of different protein than the flagella

basal body: anchors the flagellum to the plasma membrane and the cell wall

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18
Q

flagellar proteins are used to differentiate in between strains of different bacteria

A

yes, that is true

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19
Q

bacterial motility:
flagella
- give input on the rotations and movements.

A

flagella can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise and the flagella movement depends on the energy production

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20
Q

is a bacterium able to change direction and speed on it’s own?

A

yes, it can

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21
Q

define run or swim

A

movement in one direction for a continous of time

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22
Q

abrupt or random changes in direction are called what?

A

tumbles

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23
Q

results when flagellum changes its direction

A

tumbles

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24
Q

define what the term taxis mean , scientifically

A

being motile allows the bacterium to move away from dangerous environments and attract favourable environments.

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25
Q

movement toward a chemical stimulus is called a ?

A

chemotaxis

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26
Q

movement toward a light stimulus is called

A

phototaxis

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27
Q

where are pili and fimbriae usually found?

A

gram negative

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28
Q

this is not used for motility, unlike flagella, what could it be , in terms of bacteria

A

pili, and fimbriae

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29
Q

define long characteristics of fimbriae, give an example

A
  • enables the bacteria to adhere to surfaces and other bacterial cells
    -allow the bacterium to adhere to surfaces and colonize, without this bacteria colonization cannot occur and disease will not occur
    example : neisseria gonnorhea
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30
Q

define pilus ( singular):

A

this is longer than fimbriae,
only one or two per cell,
these filaments join two bacterial cells in order to transfer DNA in between them in a process called conjugation.

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31
Q

point out if anything is wrong, and explain why. If all is correct answer true or false.

characteristics of the bacterial cell wall;

  • semi-regid, complex and semi-permeable
    -prevents cell rupture
    -provides the cell with its characteristics shape
    -important means of classifying bacteria
    -composed of the polysaccharide peptidoglycan
A

all true

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32
Q

in peptidoglycan, what is polysaccharide composed of?

A

Polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharides, Polysaccharide chains are layered on top of one another

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33
Q

True or false. Polysaccharide chains are not linked together by short polypeptides

A

false,they are

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34
Q

with previous knowledge, why is that the answer, why are polysaccharide link together?

A
  • this creates lattice, and creates cell wall that is resistant to osmotic changes
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35
Q

in peptidoglycan, what is the disaccharide unit composed of ?

A

it is composed of nag and nam

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36
Q

what acid is ONLY found in gram positive organisms?

A

teichoic acids

37
Q

definition of gram positive cell wall.

A

gram positive cell wall, is thick layer of peptidoglycan that is outside the plasma membrane

38
Q

what are the two forms of teichoic acids

A

wall teichoic acids
lipoteichoic acids

39
Q

define what the two forms of teichoic are.

A

wall teichoic acids= extend out from peptidoclycan
lipoteicoic acids= connect the plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan

40
Q

gram positive, only have one membrane , what is it ?

A

plasma membrane

41
Q

thin peptidoglycan

A

gram negative cell

42
Q

what does gram negative bacteria contain ?

A

contain a plasma membrane and an outer membrane

43
Q

the outer membrane if gram negative cell contain what?

A

lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
lipopolsaccharide

44
Q

define the lipopolysaccharide, what does lipid contain and the polysaccharide portion?

A

lipopolysaccharide contain toxic, which is reffered to as endotoxin

polysaccharide composed 0 sugars, used to distinguish gram negative organisms

45
Q

true or false. peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria, eukaryotes do not similar compound

A

true

46
Q

is peptidoglycan a common target for both host defenses and chemotherapies?

A

yes

47
Q

cytoplasm is not aqueous but thin, and semi-transparent?

A

false, it is thick and semi-transparent and it is also aqueous

48
Q

cytoplasm also contains the major cellular structures such as:

A

the nucleotid
ribosomes
inclusion bodies
some bacteria may also have endospores within the cytoplasm

49
Q

what does plasmids do in the nucleotid?

A

these house non-essential genes which can help the bacterium to survive adverse conditions such as high antibiotic concentrations

50
Q

does ribosomes of pro and euk both function in protein synthesis?

A

yes, they both do.

51
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes are large and heavier, and we know this from previous knowledge, now tell me how many is the large subunit, and how many does small subunit?

A

large=60s and small=40s together it is 80s

52
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes are different and thus antibiotic that targets ribosomes will not cause harm to the host cells true or false. if true provide an example

A

streptomycin, and erythromycin

53
Q

what are the types of inclusion bodies important energy sources?

A

sulfure granules
lipid inclusions
enzymes
polysaccharide granules

54
Q

can gram negative bacteria form endspores?

A

no

55
Q

name 2 examples, of spore forming bacteria

A

bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum

56
Q

protozoa.

A

are unicellular

57
Q

fungi

A

multicellular except yeasts

58
Q

algae

A

some are unicellular and some are multicellular

59
Q

how does prokaryotes move as a flagella and cilia?

A

they move in a corkscrew motion

60
Q

what is pili and fimbriae made-of and what are they used for ?

A

both are made up of protein, and they use for attachment

61
Q

what is capsule made of and name two things that can describe them.

A

they are made up of sugar (carbohydrates), because they are sticky and sugar.

62
Q

what type of protein are pili and fimbriae made up of?

A

they are made u of pilin protein

63
Q

Name what kind of transmission this is.

Passing a biological daughter a gene ( for example, inheriting the same hair color), this can be seen as what example of transmission

A

vertical transmission

64
Q

passing a characteristic to a same group for example, a filament joining together to transfer a DNA in between them, what transmission could this must be?

A

this is called a horizon transmission

65
Q

why is bacterial cell wall rigid?

A

it’s rigid because it has some strength

66
Q

why does bacterial cell wall protect the cell from environment?

A

because it’s an outer layer, therefore it acts to protect from environmental changes

67
Q

what allows the bacterial cell wall to not burst?

A

the counterpressure allows the bacterial cell wall to not burst, at least not burst away, it gives u protection for expansion and cell rupture

68
Q

peptides bonds linking polysaccharide together makes it more ____

A

it makes it more rigid

69
Q

define this characteristics and define the term for it:
this is a part of gram positive, it stands in the cell membrane so everything is structurally intact, it has integrity

A

lipoteichnoic acid

70
Q

true or false.

Lipopolysaccharide is a big deal when it attaches to the cell, however it is not as threatening when it a systematic diagnostic.

A

false, a systematic is very life threatening however, being attach to a cell is not as threatening.

71
Q

how can you distinguish if it’s a gram negative gram positive?

A

you can distinguish by the gram stain

72
Q

name the steps for gram stain

A

1) application of crystal violet
2) application of iodine
3) alcohol wash
4)application of safranin (counterstain)

73
Q

which takes longer to divide? eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes are longer, since its more complex

74
Q

describe what diplococci, staphylococcus, and streptococcus mean

A
  1. it’s in pairs
    2.looks like grapes (a bunch of them together)
    3in chains
75
Q

true or false.Membrane bound organelles perform respiration, intracellular activities, vesicular transport (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)

A

true

76
Q

more of a _____= it’s a helical and it’s long they are very flexible, they causes syphilis

A

this is spirochette

77
Q

what does avirulent mean?

A

it means causes no disease

78
Q

it’s such an important immune defense, removing dangerous things, he gets to stay in the capsule because he has a sugar layer

A

phagocytosis

79
Q

does all bacteria contain flagella?

A

false, not all bacteria contain flagella
flagella are expensive, you have to build it, energy drain, they are mobile.

80
Q

in lophotrichous:
we are aware that it is a two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell, can they be at the top ONLY.

A

no, they can be at the top or the bottom

81
Q

why does gram negative and contain plasma membrane and an outer membrane?

A

because they have more space(they are thin) unlike gram positive they are thick

82
Q

why do you want to distinguish between gram negative and gram positive?

A

so we can distinguish which antibiotic to take

83
Q

what is the fluid inside the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol

84
Q

what does viscosity mean?

A

it means its very thick

85
Q

would an endospores ONLY be a gram positive or can it be gram negative as well?

A

it does not only have to be gram positive, it can also be a gram negative. However, ONLY a gram positive can form endospores

86
Q

what does cilia do in your lungs?

A

cilia acts as filter in your lungs

87
Q

this has attach to the cell, helps clear mucous when your infected

A

this is called cilia

88
Q

why do we have sterols and bacteria doesn’t?

A

because we needs strong plasma membrane, so it helps from hot and cold stability and it makes it stronger since we do not have a cell wall

microbiology (27 decks)

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