chapter 3 (Diana's version) Flashcards
external structures:
Glycocalyx (sugar coat) define some characteristics of it.
sugar coat, gelatinous sticky polymer , can be composed of polysaccharide or protein or even both
it is secreted from the prokaryote onto the outside of the cell wall
what is it called when glycocalyx is only made of sugar?
it’s called extracellular polysaccharide
define what capsule is.
when the substance of the glycoclayx is firmly attached to the cell wall
define the slime layer.
slime layer is when glycoclayx is disorganized and loosely attach to the cell wall.
is capsule an external structure?
yes, they contribute to an organisms virulence (ability to cause disease).
capsules:
true or false.
capsules contribute to an organisms virulence (ability to cause a disease)
true
what does capsule protect the organism from?
phagocytosis
certain organisms such as ____ can only cause disease if they are encapsulated
bacillus anthracis
Does the capsule also allows the organism to adhere to and colonize host cells
true
Does the capsule also protects the bacterial cell against dehydration and holds nutrients inside of the cell?
true
how does the capsules allow the bacterium to survive?
by attaching to different surfaces within the microbe’s environment
some organism such as what? may use their capsule as an energy source, breaking down the sugars when energy sources are low.
streptococcus mutans
now that we have one external structure establish, name another one that comes to your mind.
flagella
where is flagella usually found?
it is usually found on some prokaryotic cells
three terms to describe flagella
they are long, filamentous, and used for motility
flagella is composed of three primary parts, what are they called?
filament, hook, and basal body
among given primary parts of the flagella, give the definitions for each
filament= composed of the circular flagellin protein forming a helix around a hollow core, it is not also covered by sheath
hook= made of different protein than the flagella
basal body: anchors the flagellum to the plasma membrane and the cell wall
flagellar proteins are used to differentiate in between strains of different bacteria
yes, that is true
bacterial motility:
flagella
- give input on the rotations and movements.
flagella can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise and the flagella movement depends on the energy production
is a bacterium able to change direction and speed on it’s own?
yes, it can
define run or swim
movement in one direction for a continous of time
abrupt or random changes in direction are called what?
tumbles
results when flagellum changes its direction
tumbles
define what the term taxis mean , scientifically
being motile allows the bacterium to move away from dangerous environments and attract favourable environments.
movement toward a chemical stimulus is called a ?
chemotaxis
movement toward a light stimulus is called
phototaxis
where are pili and fimbriae usually found?
gram negative
this is not used for motility, unlike flagella, what could it be , in terms of bacteria
pili, and fimbriae
define long characteristics of fimbriae, give an example
- enables the bacteria to adhere to surfaces and other bacterial cells
-allow the bacterium to adhere to surfaces and colonize, without this bacteria colonization cannot occur and disease will not occur
example : neisseria gonnorhea
define pilus ( singular):
this is longer than fimbriae,
only one or two per cell,
these filaments join two bacterial cells in order to transfer DNA in between them in a process called conjugation.
point out if anything is wrong, and explain why. If all is correct answer true or false.
characteristics of the bacterial cell wall;
- semi-regid, complex and semi-permeable
-prevents cell rupture
-provides the cell with its characteristics shape
-important means of classifying bacteria
-composed of the polysaccharide peptidoglycan
all true
in peptidoglycan, what is polysaccharide composed of?
Polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharides, Polysaccharide chains are layered on top of one another
True or false. Polysaccharide chains are not linked together by short polypeptides
false,they are
with previous knowledge, why is that the answer, why are polysaccharide link together?
- this creates lattice, and creates cell wall that is resistant to osmotic changes
in peptidoglycan, what is the disaccharide unit composed of ?
it is composed of nag and nam
what acid is ONLY found in gram positive organisms?
teichoic acids
definition of gram positive cell wall.
gram positive cell wall, is thick layer of peptidoglycan that is outside the plasma membrane
what are the two forms of teichoic acids
wall teichoic acids
lipoteichoic acids
define what the two forms of teichoic are.
wall teichoic acids= extend out from peptidoclycan
lipoteicoic acids= connect the plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan
gram positive, only have one membrane , what is it ?
plasma membrane
thin peptidoglycan
gram negative cell
what does gram negative bacteria contain ?
contain a plasma membrane and an outer membrane
the outer membrane if gram negative cell contain what?
lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
lipopolsaccharide
define the lipopolysaccharide, what does lipid contain and the polysaccharide portion?
lipopolysaccharide contain toxic, which is reffered to as endotoxin
polysaccharide composed 0 sugars, used to distinguish gram negative organisms
true or false. peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria, eukaryotes do not similar compound
true
is peptidoglycan a common target for both host defenses and chemotherapies?
yes
cytoplasm is not aqueous but thin, and semi-transparent?
false, it is thick and semi-transparent and it is also aqueous
cytoplasm also contains the major cellular structures such as:
the nucleotid
ribosomes
inclusion bodies
some bacteria may also have endospores within the cytoplasm
what does plasmids do in the nucleotid?
these house non-essential genes which can help the bacterium to survive adverse conditions such as high antibiotic concentrations
does ribosomes of pro and euk both function in protein synthesis?
yes, they both do.
eukaryotic ribosomes are large and heavier, and we know this from previous knowledge, now tell me how many is the large subunit, and how many does small subunit?
large=60s and small=40s together it is 80s
eukaryotic ribosomes are different and thus antibiotic that targets ribosomes will not cause harm to the host cells true or false. if true provide an example
streptomycin, and erythromycin
what are the types of inclusion bodies important energy sources?
sulfure granules
lipid inclusions
enzymes
polysaccharide granules
can gram negative bacteria form endspores?
no
name 2 examples, of spore forming bacteria
bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum
protozoa.
are unicellular
fungi
multicellular except yeasts
algae
some are unicellular and some are multicellular
how does prokaryotes move as a flagella and cilia?
they move in a corkscrew motion
what is pili and fimbriae made-of and what are they used for ?
both are made up of protein, and they use for attachment
what is capsule made of and name two things that can describe them.
they are made up of sugar (carbohydrates), because they are sticky and sugar.
what type of protein are pili and fimbriae made up of?
they are made u of pilin protein
Name what kind of transmission this is.
Passing a biological daughter a gene ( for example, inheriting the same hair color), this can be seen as what example of transmission
vertical transmission
passing a characteristic to a same group for example, a filament joining together to transfer a DNA in between them, what transmission could this must be?
this is called a horizon transmission
why is bacterial cell wall rigid?
it’s rigid because it has some strength
why does bacterial cell wall protect the cell from environment?
because it’s an outer layer, therefore it acts to protect from environmental changes
what allows the bacterial cell wall to not burst?
the counterpressure allows the bacterial cell wall to not burst, at least not burst away, it gives u protection for expansion and cell rupture
peptides bonds linking polysaccharide together makes it more ____
it makes it more rigid
define this characteristics and define the term for it:
this is a part of gram positive, it stands in the cell membrane so everything is structurally intact, it has integrity
lipoteichnoic acid
true or false.
Lipopolysaccharide is a big deal when it attaches to the cell, however it is not as threatening when it a systematic diagnostic.
false, a systematic is very life threatening however, being attach to a cell is not as threatening.
how can you distinguish if it’s a gram negative gram positive?
you can distinguish by the gram stain
name the steps for gram stain
1) application of crystal violet
2) application of iodine
3) alcohol wash
4)application of safranin (counterstain)
which takes longer to divide? eukaryotes or prokaryotes
eukaryotes are longer, since its more complex
describe what diplococci, staphylococcus, and streptococcus mean
- it’s in pairs
2.looks like grapes (a bunch of them together)
3in chains
true or false.Membrane bound organelles perform respiration, intracellular activities, vesicular transport (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
true
more of a _____= it’s a helical and it’s long they are very flexible, they causes syphilis
this is spirochette
what does avirulent mean?
it means causes no disease
it’s such an important immune defense, removing dangerous things, he gets to stay in the capsule because he has a sugar layer
phagocytosis
does all bacteria contain flagella?
false, not all bacteria contain flagella
flagella are expensive, you have to build it, energy drain, they are mobile.
in lophotrichous:
we are aware that it is a two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell, can they be at the top ONLY.
no, they can be at the top or the bottom
why does gram negative and contain plasma membrane and an outer membrane?
because they have more space(they are thin) unlike gram positive they are thick
why do you want to distinguish between gram negative and gram positive?
so we can distinguish which antibiotic to take
what is the fluid inside the cytoplasm?
cytosol
what does viscosity mean?
it means its very thick
would an endospores ONLY be a gram positive or can it be gram negative as well?
it does not only have to be gram positive, it can also be a gram negative. However, ONLY a gram positive can form endospores
what does cilia do in your lungs?
cilia acts as filter in your lungs
this has attach to the cell, helps clear mucous when your infected
this is called cilia
why do we have sterols and bacteria doesn’t?
because we needs strong plasma membrane, so it helps from hot and cold stability and it makes it stronger since we do not have a cell wall
