chapter 12 The Innate Immune system (diana's version) Flashcards
innate immunity refers to
defenses present at birth
these are non-specific defenses: acting against most microbes in the same way
innate immunity
True or false.
Innate immunity has no memory component in which cannot re-call previous contact with a foreign particle
true
The innate immune system is always present
(describe the two characteristics)
1) it responds rapidly to an infection
2) it is active before an infection occurs
The innate immune system includes:
physical barriers
chemical barriers
cellular defenses
inflammation
fever
molecular defenses
what is the first line of defenses?
physical and chemical barriers
because innate immunity has no memory component and cannot re-call previous contact with a foreign microbe.. expand on that
effects it’s efficiency since it has no memory component
responds rapidly to foreign material…. if this is not well funded such as you’re stressed, you are not eating well, no nutrients, the likehood of infection is higher
innate immune system
describe the characteristics of skin
the outer surface of skin consists of dead cells and protective protein called keratin
the layers of the skin are frequently shed which removes microbes
skin is very dry which inhibits microbial growth
the outer surface of the skin consists of dead cells and protective protein called
keratin
skin infection are more common on _____ areas of the skin or ____ environments
moist, moist
what layer of the skin is an excellent defense and is rarely penetrated by microbes
outer layer
true or false.
most infections occur under the skin once the skin has been broken although fungi can sometimes grow on the skin’s surface: eating dead skin cells
true
Some microbes are able to eat dead skin cells and oils that are secreted by the skin , if this happens what is the result?
body odor
multi layer think , which makes it very hard to get in between, it has to be in tact to be a good barrier, having a cut will make the bacteria to go in
skin
what is giving you protection? **hint*8 they are thin and rich in protein
keratin
which part of the body is very moist?
armpit, this is why the bacteria loves it, and can cause B.O , if you do not use deoderant
this is open to the outside of the body, they are dirty
mucous membranes
name the characteristics of mucous membranes
these are membranes are involved in fluid exchange
they offer less protection than the skin
mucous membranes line ‘tracts’ such as digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts
they secrete mucous which is a glycoprotein that keeps the membrane from drying and cracking
- the mucous traps microbes
-cilia than moves the mucous containing microbes away
___ is a hair used for eukaryotic motility, it is a motility for the surface for the cell
cilia
fluid flow :
saliva, tears, urine, vaginal secretions move microbes away/out of the body
this does an excellent way by removing the contamination capsules and fimbriae = to attach
fluid flow
what are the three physical barriers
- mucous membrane
2.skin
3.fluid flow
what is the chemical barriers known
- acidity of body fluids and skin
2.lysozyme
3.the normal microflora
what is the term ‘acidity of body fluids and skin’ describe its characteristics
stomach : hydrochloric acid creates a pH of 2
- this low pH destroys bacteria and toxins
skin: fatty acids and lactic acid create a pH of 3-5
- these conditions prevent growth of many microbes
this breaks apart the linear chain
lysozyme
an enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan
lysozyme
where is lysozyme found?
found in sweat, tears, saliva, and nasal secretions
describe the characteristics of normal microflora
this is acquired shortly after birth
it functions to prevent growth of pathogens
-competitive exclusion and microbial antagonism
producing antibiotics, to disturb the bad bacteria, and they re there to be “resident” and keeping the bad bacteria away
normal microflora
what is the second line of defense?
cellular defenses
what does cellular defenses consist of ?
leukocytes which are white blood cells
-phagocytes : white blood cells that use phagocytosis to “eat” microbes
what are the two types of leukocytes?
1) granulocytes
2)agranulocytes
which one is more dangerous? histamine locally or histamine systematic?
histamin systematic
if you let histamine out , what happens?
difficulty breathing, throat closing (allergy reaction)
these have large granules in their cytoplasm and are visible under light microscope
granulocytes
what are the three sub-groups of granulocytes?
B= basophils
E= eosinophils
N= neutrophils
where does basophils stay in your body?
they stay in your blood
what are known to be a “weak” phagocytes?
basophils
what secrete chemo-attractants?
basophils
They release histamine which causes allergies and inflammation
basophils
now, define all the characteristics of basophils
they are weak phagocytes
they secrete chemo-attractants
they release histamine which causes allergies and inflammation
what is the same size as the parasite, and releases enzymes , as well as produce extracellular digestion?
eosinophils
name the characteristics of eosinophils
they destroy large pathogens such as pathogenic worms and produce extracellular digestive enzymes to attack the parasite
re-call ; what destroys large pathogens such as pathogenic worms, but also produce extracellular digestive enzyme to attack the parasite?
eosinophils
this is known as the “strong phagocytes”
neutrophils
__ can leave the blood and enter infected tissue and destroy foreign microbes and particles by phagocytosis
neutrophils
agranulocytes also….
have granules in their cytoplasm which are visible under a light microscope
what are the subgroups of agranulocytes?
monocytes and lympocytes
True or false monocytes are initially phagocytic?
false, IT IS NOT INITIALLY a phagocytic
____ are mature monocytes and strong phagocytes
macrophases
is it macrophage or monocyte that leaves the blood, enter the tissues, and become something mature
it is a monocyte, and they become macrophage (mature)
______ are often found in organs and filter out invading pathogens as blood passes through
macrophage
define the characteristics of monocytes
these are initially not phagocytic
they leave the blood, enter the tissues, and become macrophage
macrophage are mature monocytes and strong phagocytosis
macrophages are often found in organs and filter out invading pathogens as blood passes through
macrophage are also found in your _____?
tissues
what is the subgroup of agranulocytes
lymphocytes
what are the three types of lymphocytes
natural killer
t lymphocytes
b lymphocytes
T and B lymphocytes are apart of what ?
they are a part of adaptive immunity
these are responsible for killing infected body cells and tumor cells , as well as attack any body cell that displays unusual proteins in the plasma membrane
natural killer cells
describe the characteristics of natural killer cells
responsible for killing infected body cells and tumor cells
attack any body cell that displays unusual proteins in the plasma membrane
neutrophil and macrophage=
professionals
Phagocytes :
during infection monocytes and granulocytes migrate to where?
infected area
what are the four main phases of phagocytes
1) chemotaxis
2) adherence
3) ingestion
4) digestion
phagocytes are attracted to foreign particles , damaged cells, etc
chemotaxis
define adherence
phagocyte attaches to foregin particle
pseudopods extend and engulf the particle , and the particle is trapped in the phagosome
ingestion
define ingestion
pseupods extend and engulf the particle , and the particle is trapped in the phagosome
define digestion
digestive enzymes enter the phagosome and takes 10-30 min to kill a bacterium
lysozyme is ____ the cell- kinda like the stomach
inside
true or false.
in digestion the outcome is that the bio material is getting released (recycled material that can be used for nutrients)
true
inflammation: what are the signs and symptoms
pain
redness
heat
swelling
loss of function
______ functions to destroy an injurious agent (to keep it localized)
inflammation
What acts to prevent the spreading of an injurious agent?
inflammation
True or false.
Inflammation does not repair and replaces damaged tissues?
false, it does exactly the opposite. It does repair and replaces damaged tissues
this sign and symptoms is associated with increase blood flow
redness
this sign and symptom of inflammation is associated when blood flowing , its creating friction
heat
blood vessels become more permeable ( signs of symptoms of inflammation)
swelling
You can’t really swallow when you have a respiratory infection, this is in need to heal (put the tissue back to normal) therefore what is this sign or symptom showing?
loss of function
what are the stages of inflammation?
- Tissue damage
2.Vasodiliation
3.Phagocytosis
4.Tissue repair
increase of the width of the blood vessels, more opportunity for the flow
vasodilation
Is this true that the blood vessels dilate: more blood reaches the affected area? and this is occurring in the vasodilation in the stages of inflammation
This is true
This allows white blood cells to access the area
vasodilation
true or false. Vasodilation does not bring nutrients for faster healing.
That is false, it does bring nutrients for faster healing.
This causes reddening, swelling (edema), increased temperature and pain
vasodialtion
true or false. in vasodilaition the pain is due to tissue damage
true
does vasodilation allows fibrinogen clot formation , which segregates the affected area and events the spread of infection.
Yes
describe the characteristics of phagocytosis
phagocytes destroy invading micorbes
tissue repair describe it.
new cells are produced
describe the characteristics of vasodilation
the blood vessels dilate: more blood reaches the affected area
this allows white blood cells to access the area
brings nutrients for faster healing healing
this causes reddening, swelling (edema), increased temp. and pain
the pain is due to tissue damage
this allows fibrinogen clot formation
- this segregates the affected area
prevents the spread of infection
increase permeability of capillaries
swelling (edema)
true or false. Bacteria are sensitive to temperature chances if you increase your increase your temperature by your fever, the binary fission goes down
true
What is an increase in body temperature?
fever
_____ is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain
fever
It is triggered by _____, _______, and ____ produced by the immune system , all of these things reset the bodies thermostat
endotoxin, LPS, chemical
fever results in :
muscle contraction (shivering)
increased temperature : faster metabolism, promotes healing
faster phagocytosis (due to increase temperature)
slows the growth of heat limited microbes
-ex: e.coli prefers to grow at 37, growth slows at 40
true or false.
Up to certain temperature, fever is a defense against disease
- But a fever above 43 can cause death
true
what is the temperature that can cause death due to fever?
43 degrees
when your muscle contraction (shivering) , what happens initially
you’re creating heat, and make you warm
what is the subgroup of molecular defenses
The complement system
this is composed of 30 proteins that circulate in the blood
the complement system
True or false. the complement system work together as a cascade,the action of one protein triggers the action of the next
true
can complement not be triggered by surface molecules of invading microbes for example LPS
this is false.
Molecular defenses
describe the characteristics
the complement system
- composed of 30 proteins that circulate in the blood
they work together as a cascade
- the action of one protein triggers the action of the next
complement can be triggered by surface molecules of invading microbes for example LPS
what are the result of complement cascade?
- opsonization
- enhanced inflammation
- Cytolysis
this is not a procedure not a cell , what can this be describing?
molecular defenses
these are on and off, not doing anything , however it gets turned on when it sees something that doesn’t belong, one is activate and then finds another one - like a domino effect
molecular defenses ( the complement system)
what turns on the complement system?
LPS
is complement system efficient? and if so why?
yes it is, because it has mobility just like a flagella would
define what opsonization mean
C proteins attach to microbes and act as a flag to attract phagocyte
- this increases phagocytosis by 1000x
describe the characteristics for enhanced inflammation
increases blood vessels permeability
attracts phagocytes to the infection site
describe the characteristics cytolysis
formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)
this pokes holes in the bacterial cell membrane
a bunch of protein that are active - they get together and form a pore , and pore drops instantly , it is cell bursting
cytolysis
this is produced upon infection with a virus
interferon
true or false. Interferon does not interfere with the viral application
false, it does interfere with it
_____ is released by infected cells to warn neighbouring cells
- allows neighbouring cells time to produce anti-viral proteins
-_______does not help cells that are alredy infected with virus
____ is effective only for short priods of time
interferon
interferon
interferon
what are the side effects for interferon
nausea
fatigue
headache
vomiting
fever
true or false interferons can be toxic to organs?
true
name the characteristics for interferon
produced upon infection with a virus
it interferes with viral replication
it is released by infected cells to warn neighbouring cells
- allow neighbouring cells time to produce anti-viral proteins
- does not help those cells who are already infected with a virus
only effective for a short periods of time
a lot of electron transport protein needs ____
- if you do not have enough ____= do not produce energy properly
iron, iron
this never got to build what they need to build like a sponge, it soaks up , in addition, it also competes more, which grows slowly
transferins
describe the characteristics for transferins
iron binding proteins in blood, milk, saliva, and tears
binds and sequesters iron so that it cannot be used by bacteria
slows bacterial growth
this is produced when cells detect viral RNA
Anti-viral interferons
