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microbiology > chapter 12 The Innate Immune system (diana's version) > Flashcards

chapter 12 The Innate Immune system (diana's version) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

innate immunity refers to

A

defenses present at birth

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2
Q

these are non-specific defenses: acting against most microbes in the same way

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

True or false.
Innate immunity has no memory component in which cannot re-call previous contact with a foreign particle

A

true

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4
Q

The innate immune system is always present
(describe the two characteristics)

A

1) it responds rapidly to an infection
2) it is active before an infection occurs

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5
Q

The innate immune system includes:

A

physical barriers
chemical barriers
cellular defenses
inflammation
fever
molecular defenses

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6
Q

what is the first line of defenses?

A

physical and chemical barriers

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7
Q

because innate immunity has no memory component and cannot re-call previous contact with a foreign microbe.. expand on that

A

effects it’s efficiency since it has no memory component

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8
Q

responds rapidly to foreign material…. if this is not well funded such as you’re stressed, you are not eating well, no nutrients, the likehood of infection is higher

A

innate immune system

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9
Q

describe the characteristics of skin

A

the outer surface of skin consists of dead cells and protective protein called keratin

the layers of the skin are frequently shed which removes microbes

skin is very dry which inhibits microbial growth

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10
Q

the outer surface of the skin consists of dead cells and protective protein called

A

keratin

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11
Q

skin infection are more common on _____ areas of the skin or ____ environments

A

moist, moist

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12
Q

what layer of the skin is an excellent defense and is rarely penetrated by microbes

A

outer layer

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13
Q

true or false.
most infections occur under the skin once the skin has been broken although fungi can sometimes grow on the skin’s surface: eating dead skin cells

A

true

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14
Q

Some microbes are able to eat dead skin cells and oils that are secreted by the skin , if this happens what is the result?

A

body odor

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15
Q

multi layer think , which makes it very hard to get in between, it has to be in tact to be a good barrier, having a cut will make the bacteria to go in

A

skin

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16
Q

what is giving you protection? **hint*8 they are thin and rich in protein

A

keratin

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17
Q

which part of the body is very moist?

A

armpit, this is why the bacteria loves it, and can cause B.O , if you do not use deoderant

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18
Q

this is open to the outside of the body, they are dirty

A

mucous membranes

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19
Q

name the characteristics of mucous membranes

A

these are membranes are involved in fluid exchange
they offer less protection than the skin
mucous membranes line ‘tracts’ such as digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts
they secrete mucous which is a glycoprotein that keeps the membrane from drying and cracking

  • the mucous traps microbes
    -cilia than moves the mucous containing microbes away
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20
Q

___ is a hair used for eukaryotic motility, it is a motility for the surface for the cell

A

cilia

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21
Q

fluid flow :

A

saliva, tears, urine, vaginal secretions move microbes away/out of the body

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22
Q

this does an excellent way by removing the contamination capsules and fimbriae = to attach

A

fluid flow

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23
Q

what are the three physical barriers

A
  1. mucous membrane
    2.skin
    3.fluid flow
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24
Q

what is the chemical barriers known

A
  1. acidity of body fluids and skin
    2.lysozyme
    3.the normal microflora
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25
Q

what is the term ‘acidity of body fluids and skin’ describe its characteristics

A

stomach : hydrochloric acid creates a pH of 2
- this low pH destroys bacteria and toxins
skin: fatty acids and lactic acid create a pH of 3-5
- these conditions prevent growth of many microbes

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26
Q

this breaks apart the linear chain

A

lysozyme

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27
Q

an enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

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28
Q

where is lysozyme found?

A

found in sweat, tears, saliva, and nasal secretions

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29
Q

describe the characteristics of normal microflora

A

this is acquired shortly after birth
it functions to prevent growth of pathogens
-competitive exclusion and microbial antagonism

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30
Q

producing antibiotics, to disturb the bad bacteria, and they re there to be “resident” and keeping the bad bacteria away

A

normal microflora

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31
Q

what is the second line of defense?

A

cellular defenses

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32
Q

what does cellular defenses consist of ?

A

leukocytes which are white blood cells
-phagocytes : white blood cells that use phagocytosis to “eat” microbes

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33
Q

what are the two types of leukocytes?

A

1) granulocytes
2)agranulocytes

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34
Q

which one is more dangerous? histamine locally or histamine systematic?

A

histamin systematic

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35
Q

if you let histamine out , what happens?

A

difficulty breathing, throat closing (allergy reaction)

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36
Q

these have large granules in their cytoplasm and are visible under light microscope

A

granulocytes

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37
Q

what are the three sub-groups of granulocytes?

A

B= basophils
E= eosinophils
N= neutrophils

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38
Q

where does basophils stay in your body?

A

they stay in your blood

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39
Q

what are known to be a “weak” phagocytes?

A

basophils

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40
Q

what secrete chemo-attractants?

A

basophils

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41
Q

They release histamine which causes allergies and inflammation

A

basophils

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42
Q

now, define all the characteristics of basophils

A

they are weak phagocytes
they secrete chemo-attractants
they release histamine which causes allergies and inflammation

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43
Q

what is the same size as the parasite, and releases enzymes , as well as produce extracellular digestion?

A

eosinophils

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44
Q

name the characteristics of eosinophils

A

they destroy large pathogens such as pathogenic worms and produce extracellular digestive enzymes to attack the parasite

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45
Q

re-call ; what destroys large pathogens such as pathogenic worms, but also produce extracellular digestive enzyme to attack the parasite?

A

eosinophils

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46
Q

this is known as the “strong phagocytes”

A

neutrophils

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47
Q

__ can leave the blood and enter infected tissue and destroy foreign microbes and particles by phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

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48
Q

agranulocytes also….

A

have granules in their cytoplasm which are visible under a light microscope

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49
Q

what are the subgroups of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lympocytes

50
Q

True or false monocytes are initially phagocytic?

A

false, IT IS NOT INITIALLY a phagocytic

51
Q

____ are mature monocytes and strong phagocytes

A

macrophases

52
Q

is it macrophage or monocyte that leaves the blood, enter the tissues, and become something mature

A

it is a monocyte, and they become macrophage (mature)

53
Q

______ are often found in organs and filter out invading pathogens as blood passes through

A

macrophage

54
Q

define the characteristics of monocytes

A

these are initially not phagocytic
they leave the blood, enter the tissues, and become macrophage
macrophage are mature monocytes and strong phagocytosis
macrophages are often found in organs and filter out invading pathogens as blood passes through

55
Q

macrophage are also found in your _____?

A

tissues

56
Q

what is the subgroup of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

57
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes

A

natural killer
t lymphocytes
b lymphocytes

58
Q

T and B lymphocytes are apart of what ?

A

they are a part of adaptive immunity

59
Q

these are responsible for killing infected body cells and tumor cells , as well as attack any body cell that displays unusual proteins in the plasma membrane

A

natural killer cells

60
Q

describe the characteristics of natural killer cells

A

responsible for killing infected body cells and tumor cells
attack any body cell that displays unusual proteins in the plasma membrane

61
Q

neutrophil and macrophage=

A

professionals

62
Q

Phagocytes :
during infection monocytes and granulocytes migrate to where?

A

infected area

63
Q

what are the four main phases of phagocytes

A

1) chemotaxis
2) adherence
3) ingestion
4) digestion

64
Q

phagocytes are attracted to foreign particles , damaged cells, etc

A

chemotaxis

65
Q

define adherence

A

phagocyte attaches to foregin particle

66
Q

pseudopods extend and engulf the particle , and the particle is trapped in the phagosome

A

ingestion

67
Q

define ingestion

A

pseupods extend and engulf the particle , and the particle is trapped in the phagosome

68
Q

define digestion

A

digestive enzymes enter the phagosome and takes 10-30 min to kill a bacterium

69
Q

lysozyme is ____ the cell- kinda like the stomach

A

inside

70
Q

true or false.
in digestion the outcome is that the bio material is getting released (recycled material that can be used for nutrients)

A

true

71
Q

inflammation: what are the signs and symptoms

A

pain
redness
heat
swelling
loss of function

72
Q

______ functions to destroy an injurious agent (to keep it localized)

A

inflammation

73
Q

What acts to prevent the spreading of an injurious agent?

A

inflammation

74
Q

True or false.
Inflammation does not repair and replaces damaged tissues?

A

false, it does exactly the opposite. It does repair and replaces damaged tissues

75
Q

this sign and symptoms is associated with increase blood flow

A

redness

76
Q

this sign and symptom of inflammation is associated when blood flowing , its creating friction

A

heat

77
Q

blood vessels become more permeable ( signs of symptoms of inflammation)

A

swelling

78
Q

You can’t really swallow when you have a respiratory infection, this is in need to heal (put the tissue back to normal) therefore what is this sign or symptom showing?

A

loss of function

79
Q

what are the stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Tissue damage
    2.Vasodiliation
    3.Phagocytosis
    4.Tissue repair
80
Q

increase of the width of the blood vessels, more opportunity for the flow

A

vasodilation

81
Q

Is this true that the blood vessels dilate: more blood reaches the affected area? and this is occurring in the vasodilation in the stages of inflammation

A

This is true

82
Q

This allows white blood cells to access the area

A

vasodilation

83
Q

true or false. Vasodilation does not bring nutrients for faster healing.

A

That is false, it does bring nutrients for faster healing.

84
Q

This causes reddening, swelling (edema), increased temperature and pain

A

vasodialtion

85
Q

true or false. in vasodilaition the pain is due to tissue damage

A

true

86
Q

does vasodilation allows fibrinogen clot formation , which segregates the affected area and events the spread of infection.

A

Yes

87
Q

describe the characteristics of phagocytosis

A

phagocytes destroy invading micorbes

88
Q

tissue repair describe it.

A

new cells are produced

89
Q

describe the characteristics of vasodilation

A

the blood vessels dilate: more blood reaches the affected area
this allows white blood cells to access the area
brings nutrients for faster healing healing
this causes reddening, swelling (edema), increased temp. and pain
the pain is due to tissue damage
this allows fibrinogen clot formation
- this segregates the affected area
prevents the spread of infection

90
Q

increase permeability of capillaries

A

swelling (edema)

91
Q

true or false. Bacteria are sensitive to temperature chances if you increase your increase your temperature by your fever, the binary fission goes down

A

true

92
Q

What is an increase in body temperature?

A

fever

93
Q

_____ is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain

A

fever

94
Q

It is triggered by _____, _______, and ____ produced by the immune system , all of these things reset the bodies thermostat

A

endotoxin, LPS, chemical

95
Q

fever results in :

A

muscle contraction (shivering)
increased temperature : faster metabolism, promotes healing
faster phagocytosis (due to increase temperature)
slows the growth of heat limited microbes
-ex: e.coli prefers to grow at 37, growth slows at 40

96
Q

true or false.
Up to certain temperature, fever is a defense against disease
- But a fever above 43 can cause death

A

true

97
Q

what is the temperature that can cause death due to fever?

A

43 degrees

98
Q

when your muscle contraction (shivering) , what happens initially

A

you’re creating heat, and make you warm

99
Q

what is the subgroup of molecular defenses

A

The complement system

100
Q

this is composed of 30 proteins that circulate in the blood

A

the complement system

101
Q

True or false. the complement system work together as a cascade,the action of one protein triggers the action of the next

A

true

102
Q

can complement not be triggered by surface molecules of invading microbes for example LPS

A

this is false.

103
Q

Molecular defenses
describe the characteristics

A

the complement system
- composed of 30 proteins that circulate in the blood

they work together as a cascade
- the action of one protein triggers the action of the next

complement can be triggered by surface molecules of invading microbes for example LPS

104
Q

what are the result of complement cascade?

A
  1. opsonization
  2. enhanced inflammation
  3. Cytolysis
105
Q

this is not a procedure not a cell , what can this be describing?

A

molecular defenses

106
Q

these are on and off, not doing anything , however it gets turned on when it sees something that doesn’t belong, one is activate and then finds another one - like a domino effect

A

molecular defenses ( the complement system)

107
Q

what turns on the complement system?

A

LPS

108
Q

is complement system efficient? and if so why?

A

yes it is, because it has mobility just like a flagella would

109
Q

define what opsonization mean

A

C proteins attach to microbes and act as a flag to attract phagocyte
- this increases phagocytosis by 1000x

110
Q

describe the characteristics for enhanced inflammation

A

increases blood vessels permeability
attracts phagocytes to the infection site

111
Q

describe the characteristics cytolysis

A

formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)
this pokes holes in the bacterial cell membrane

112
Q

a bunch of protein that are active - they get together and form a pore , and pore drops instantly , it is cell bursting

A

cytolysis

113
Q

this is produced upon infection with a virus

A

interferon

114
Q

true or false. Interferon does not interfere with the viral application

A

false, it does interfere with it

115
Q

_____ is released by infected cells to warn neighbouring cells
- allows neighbouring cells time to produce anti-viral proteins
-_______does not help cells that are alredy infected with virus
____ is effective only for short priods of time

A

interferon
interferon
interferon

116
Q

what are the side effects for interferon

A

nausea
fatigue
headache
vomiting
fever

117
Q

true or false interferons can be toxic to organs?

A

true

118
Q

name the characteristics for interferon

A

produced upon infection with a virus
it interferes with viral replication
it is released by infected cells to warn neighbouring cells
- allow neighbouring cells time to produce anti-viral proteins
- does not help those cells who are already infected with a virus
only effective for a short periods of time

119
Q

a lot of electron transport protein needs ____
- if you do not have enough ____= do not produce energy properly

A

iron, iron

120
Q

this never got to build what they need to build like a sponge, it soaks up , in addition, it also competes more, which grows slowly

A

transferins

121
Q

describe the characteristics for transferins

A

iron binding proteins in blood, milk, saliva, and tears
binds and sequesters iron so that it cannot be used by bacteria
slows bacterial growth

122
Q

this is produced when cells detect viral RNA

A

Anti-viral interferons

microbiology (27 decks)

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