chapter 2 (diana's version) Flashcards
electrons exist outside of the nucleus in specialized regions of space called
orbitals
what are the atoms found in living organisms
C H O N M P S
name a characteristic of covalent bond
water is formed as a result of covalently bonds in between hydrogen and oxygen
name the characteristics of hydrogen bonds
these bonds form when hydrogen is covalently bonded with an electron loving molecule such as nitrogen
since the atom bound to hydrogen is electron loving, it holds the shared electrons closer it its nucleus than hydrogen
partial negative and positive charges, not equally charge
molecules that contain unequal sharing electrons are called
polar molecules
hydrogen bonds result in networks of ____ molecules
different
organic compounds are compounds which contain
carbon
inorganic compounds are compounds which do not contain
carbon
organisms require a wide variety of inorganic compounds in order to live and reproduce.
True or false
true
what is the important inorganic molecule found in living system ?
water (h20)
since water is used to dissolve materials, it is a what?
solvent
Because electrons are not shared equally in between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms, it is a
polar solvent
living things are able to make such good use of water because
1)water is an excellent solvent
-it can dissolve many ionic compounds such as NACL
-the ions remain dissolved in the water and form solution
2) every water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
-allows water to form networks of interconnected water molecules which gives water gives high boiling point
3)great temperature buffer because of its strong hydrogen bonds
4)easily spilt into its component ions H and OH
play key roles in chemical reactions
this is an energy source that is immediately utilizable by cells
carbohydrates
these molecules are non-polar therefore they don’t interact with water because they are hydrophobic (water hating)
lipids
composed of a glycerol molecule plus one to three fatty acids
fats
glycerol plus one fatty acid
monoglycerrides
diglycerides
glycerol plus two fatty acids
triglycerides
glycerol but three fatty acids
saturated meaning
no double bonds, saturated with hydrogen atoms
unsaturated
has at least one double bond, fewer hydrogen atoms
Phospholipids are found in the membranes of living cells and they are the primary component of prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes
true
each amino acid has one amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) and a side group (-r) which is different on each amino acid
true
what does side group -r determines
determines the chemical properties of the amino acid
Proteins:
The individual amino acids are joined together by what bonds and what are they?
peptide bonds and they are covalent bonded
what are the short chains of amino acids called
they are claled peptides
what are the long chains of amino acids called, and what are they?
they are called polypeptides and they are proteins
why is the specific amino acid sequence important ?
it’s important in determining the shape of the protein, therefore it can also know the function
proteins are required in all aspects of cell structure and function:
what are the two components
enzymes: speeds up the chemical reactions occur within the cell
structural components of the cell: membrane channels
what are the two typeof nucleic acid?
dna and rna
what is phosphate group attached to? and what does it serve
it is attach to the nucleotides and it serves as the site of attachment for the next nucleotide
name the following compounds that have carbon, however it is not known to be organic compounds
carbon monoxide
carbon acid and carbon dioxide
what is the head-polar, is it polar or non-polar?
head polar is polar as it can be dissolved (phosphate head group)
what is the tail, is it polar or non-polar?
non-polar, it cannot be dissolved (fatty acid tails)
give an example of unsaturated and saturated
saturated would be butter, oil would be an example of unsaturated
what are the tails made out of ?
they are made out of carbon and they could be attatch, however there is no oxygen but some may have. In this case, the tails do not.
true or false, we have a neck part of molecules and has 3 attachment site and they are hydroxyl group?
true
what is protein as a whole? and what type of atom do they have a lot of ?
protein as a whole is polar, and they have oxygen and nitrogen which indicates that they are polar, since those are electron loving.
what are the three pieces in proteins?
1.amino group (amino acid)
2.carboxyl group
3.r which is the properties
what does dna and rna have as a net charge?
negative.
In a chemical bond, how many electrons are in a double bond?
they have 4 electron
In a chemical bond, how many electrons are in a single covalent bond?
they have 2 electron
when we talk about gaseous water, how many hydrogen bonds per water molecule?
0 molecule
when we talk about solid molecule, how many water molecules are they?
4 water moelcules
in a liquid state, how many water molecules are they?, and explain why?
there would be 3.4, because we take the average of them
in a piece of paper, draw an illustration of a saturated and unsaturated
what is nucleic acids as a whole?
it is polar
