chapter 8 (Microbial Genetics Diana's version)

Question 1

The science of heredity

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

the toal DNA contained within the cell is called the ___ , and what else does it consits

Answer 2

this is called the genome, it may also contain chromosomes and any plasmids present

Question 3

Genes are contained on _____

Answer 3

are contained on chromosomes

Question 4

what are the two fundamental similarity that sugar (deoxyribose) and nitrogenous have, other than nucleotides of DNA are composed of them?

Answer 4

they both contain carbon, although they differ

Question 5

how can you tell the difference of carbon between nitrogenous base and deoxyribose

Answer 5

carbon in deoxyribose:
1’-5’ the “ ‘ “= indicate the prime, so typically we call it prime after

carbon in nitrogenous base
1 carbon
2 carbon
3 carbon
etc…

Question 6

DNA forms a double helix : two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds in between bases

these hydrogen bonds always occur in between specific bases referred to as ______ ____

Answer 6

base pairing

Question 7

by this time we know that adenine always pairs with thymine via how many hydrogen bonds?

Answer 7

via two hydrogen bonds

Question 8

guanine always pairs with cytosine via how may hydrogen bonds?

Answer 8

via three hydrogen bonds

Question 9

why does G:::C , the way it is and why is A::T the way it is?

Answer 9

why? because there are three opportunities in partial positive and partial negative charge, cytosine and guanine together

and it goes the same way for Adenine and Thymine, there are two opportunities for partial positive and negative charge

Question 10

The Flow of Genetic Information:
1. Dna replicates before division so that each offspring received one complete copy of genome

what is this reffering to?

Answer 10

Photocopying, and in result you get two identical cell “daughter cell”

Question 11

The strands of DNA are complementary to one another therefore what does that mean?

Answer 11

that means the sequence of one strand (parent strand) determines the sequence of the other

Question 12

The adjacent nucleotides are linked together by ______

Answer 12

covalent phosphodiester bonds

Question 13

draw the illustration of the dna replication (briefly) from linear-helical- and the seperation

Question 14

synthesis of the first strand is continous and is known as

Answer 14

leading strand

Question 15

synthesis of the second strand is discontinuous an is known as the

Answer 15

lagging strand

Question 16

lagging strand synthesis is more slower or more faster than leading strand?

Answer 16

it is more slower and more labourioous than leading strand synthesis

Question 17

The lagging strand must be made in 5’3 direction or 3’ to 5’ direction. Which one?

Answer 17

lagging strand must be made in the 3’-5’ direction.

Question 18

what does antiparallel mean?

Answer 18

for any double stranded primer is for positioning the DNA

Question 19

the term unihibited was used in class, what does it mean?

Answer 19

continously synthesized–> another term could be called as leading strand

Question 20

another way of saying covalent bond? we know that peptide bond is one and polypeptide, what is another one?

Answer 20

phosdiester bond

Question 21

RNA and protein synthesis:
name 2 characteristics , and fill in this blank:

The nucleotide sugar in RNA is ___ rather than __ sugar and ___ base is replaced with ____.

Answer 21

ribose, deoxyribose, thymine, uracil

• DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
  -Genes are the sections of DNA that have instructions for a functional protein product

Question 22

what kind of nucleotides do you need to make DNA?

Answer 22

RNA nucleotides and DNA nucleotides

Question 23

___ serves as a short term copy of the gene that can be used to direct protein synthesis

Answer 23

mRNA

Question 24

these are end cells - and will not be converted into proteins

Answer 24

rRNA and tRNA

Question 25

rRNA and tRNA:….

Answer 25

assist with the process of protein synthesis, they are functional pieces of RNA

Question 26

how do you elongate DNA?

Answer 26

DNA primase

Question 27

how do you elongate RNA?

Answer 27

RNA primase

Question 28

Transcription:

Answer 28

a strand of RNA is synthesized from a particular gene
- the mRNA synthesized is complementary to the gene
-Uracil is used in replacement of Thymine

Question 29

transcription requires:

Answer 29

1.enzyme: RNA polymerase
2.a supply of RNA nucleotides
3.A DNA template

Question 30

True or false. In transcription : RNA polymerase assembles nucleotides into new RNA chain , and uses RNA template as a guide

Answer 30

NO, false. Although RNA polymerase assembles nucleotides into new RNA chain, it uses a DNA template NOT A RNA TEMPLATE.

Question 31

* to test your understanding name all the steps in transcription, from the best of your knowledge* write in a piece of paper (dont have to include iniation,elongation, and termination)

• whatever you pleased

Question 32

steps of transcription:

Answer 32

1. RNA polymerase bins to DNA at a specific site-promoter
   -only one DNA strand serves as a template
   -like DNA, RNA is made in a 5’-3’
   2.RNA polymerase assembles nucleotides into a new RNA chain
   -Uses the DNA template as a guide
   3.RNA polymerase moves along template as teh new RNA chain grows
   4.RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene-terminator
   5.RNA polymerase and newly formed single stranded RNA are released.

Question 33

is it 3 prime or 5 prime , at the start of translation?

Answer 33

5 prime

Question 34

the sequence of ___ in ___ determine sequence of amino acids in protein

Answer 34

codons, mRNA

(the genetic code)

Question 35

The codons ___, ___, ____ are known as stop codons or nonsense codons, what does this indicate?

Answer 35

indicates the signal the end of translation

Question 36

if you don’t need a lot of proteins , what can you do ? HOWEVER if you need more mRNA , what can you do??

Answer 36

if you don’t need a lot of proteins , you can cut them apart, however if you need more mRNA you can initiate it, they do not stay for long.

Question 37

Name some characteristics of translation:
1-6 charcateristics

Answer 37

1. mRNA attatches to the ribosome
   2.tRNA carrying the correct amino acid enters the ribosome and binds to the mRNA
   3.the next tRNA with the amino acid enters the ribosome and binds to the mRNA
   4.Two aminoa cids are joined by a peptide bond
2. RIbosome moves down mRNA 5’-3’ direction and a steps 3-4 are repeated until a stop codon is reached
   6.mRNA and protein are released from the ribosome

Question 38

Is it true that all mutations are equal?

Answer 38

not true, not all mutations are equal

Question 39

some changes are hard to detect-because they are so similar changes can be good or bad (disruptive)

Answer 39

point mutation (substitution)

Question 40

Point mutation (substitution) as we know when dna is transcribed and translated an incorrect base result in an incorrect amino acid in the protein

they can also result in the same amino acid which is called what ?

Answer 40

redundant genetic code

Question 41

stop codons may also be introduced prematurely ,what is this giving?

Answer 41

leads to shorter proteins referred to as truncated proteins

Question 42

this is a dangerous mutation , and throws off the reading frame (very disruptive)

Answer 42

frameshift mutation

Question 43

how do mutations occur, explain one of them(specifically mutations due to mutagens)

Answer 43

spontanenous mutation
mutations due to mutagens= occur because of agents which work to bring about mutations in DNA
example: UV light, radiation and some chemicals

Question 44

regarless of the origion, mutations can result in these: in other words name what they mean:

1. Means truncated (shorten) added a stop codon for example frameshift mutation
   2.Same personality (same protein to the original)
   3.calls for the same amino acid1

Answer 44

1. non sense mutation
   2.missense mutation
   3.silent mutation

Question 45

true or false :
plasmids could provide selective advantage

Answer 45

true

Question 46

In invovled in bacterial mating which one would it be?

Answer 46

f plasmids

Question 47

True or false: the F pilli also allows for the transfer of genetic material in between bacteria?

Answer 47

true

Question 48

transfer of genetic information:

Answer 48

genetic material can be transferred in between bacterial cells in a number of ways

Question 49

When DNA is transferred to other bacterial cells rather than to progeny it is referred to as

Answer 49

horizontal gene transfer

Question 50

Conjugation describe it:

Answer 50

Bacterial mating
Male cell: has an F pilli referred to as F donor
Female cell: does not have an F pilli and is reffered to as F recipient
F pilus allows the attatchment of the F+ cell to the F- cell
A copy of the F plasmid can be passed through hollow tube to the F- cel
F- recipient cell now becomes an F+ cell

Question 51

Describe if these events are true according to transduction:
the phage attaches to the bacterial cell wall and injects its DNA into the cell

the phage dna is replicated within the bacterial cell

THe phage DNA directs protein synthesis in order to make new phage

Answer 51

all are true

Question 52

new phages are assembled and pieces of bacterial DNA are accidentally package into phage protein coats ,

the accident phage can infect another bacterial cell since the accident phage contains bacterial DNA the bacterial DNA is also injected into the next cell

DNA can now be incorporated into the bacterial chromsome

Answer 52

all are true as well

Question 53

exchanging genetic information, providing information for other cell, to do something . In short (they can hand out genes)

Answer 53

conjugation

Question 54

this is where a virus infect a bacteria (prokaryotic cells)

what is the term that we use when we say that they desire prokaryotic cell

Answer 54

this would be transduction

and the term would be known as phage

Question 55

DNA replication:
The enzymes DNA ____ and ___ are responsible for unwinding and seperating the two DNA strands

DNA ___ is found only in bacteria and not in eukaryotic cells there it serves as an an antibiotic target.

Answer 55

gyrase, helical, gyrase

Question 56

DNA replication:
DNA synthesis occurs by the enzyme DNA _______
Nucleotides are placed in the correct order based on the sequence of the parent strand
DNA ____ links the nucleotides together with phosdiester bonds

Answer 56

polymerase,polymerase

Question 57

True or fase.
In DNA replication, hydrogen bonds form in between new strand and the parent strand linking them together.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

how many codons are there? but realistically how many do they ask for amino acids because stop codons are included?

Answer 58

there are 64 codons, but only 61 qill ask for aminoa cids (the 3 are stop codons)