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microbiology > chapter 7 the blueprint of life, from dna to protein > Flashcards

chapter 7 the blueprint of life, from dna to protein Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is genetics?

A

the science of heredity

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2
Q

the science of heredity

A

genetics

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3
Q

molecular biology

A

the science dealing with DNA, and protein synthesis

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4
Q

the science dealing with DNA, and protein synthesis

A

molecular biology

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5
Q

Molecular biology:

The total DNA contained in the cell

A

genome

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6
Q

what is a genome

A

a total DNA contained in the cell

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7
Q

true or false molecular biology :
consist of the chromosomes and any plasmids

A

true

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8
Q

Molecular biology:
is it false that chromosomes does not contain the genes

A

Yes it is in fact false, because chromosomes contain the gene

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9
Q

define gene

A

sections of DNA that code for a functional product

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10
Q

sections of DNA that code for a functional product

A

gene

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11
Q

define what DNA is

A

macromolecule made of nucleotides

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12
Q

Each nucleotide in DNA has….

A

1) nitrogenous base ( AT,CG)
2) Sugar (deoxyribose)
- numbered 1’-5’
3) phosphate

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13
Q

Is it true that DNA forms a double helix?

A

yes it is true

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14
Q

So as we know DNA forms a double helix bonds:
Two strands are held together by _____ between ____

A

hydrogen bonds, and in between bases

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15
Q

The base pairing rules in DNA, name it

A

AT
CG

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16
Q

True or false are the strands in the DNA are complementary?

A

True

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17
Q

Define what the Strands of DNA are complementary mean

A

sequence of one strand determines the sequence of the other

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18
Q

Nucleotides in the DNA are linked together by what?

A

covalent phosphodiester bonds

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19
Q

true or false.

5’ carbon of one nucleotide is joined to 3’ carbon of the next nucleotide, with a covalent between them

A

false, it is not a covalent between them but rather a phosphate between them

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20
Q

We usually consider DNA in the _________

A

5’3 direction

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21
Q

what is the starting in the DNA and finishing end?

A

starting 5’ end and finishing at 3’ end

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22
Q

Two strands of DNA run _____

A

antiparallel

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23
Q

The flow of genetic information
name the 3

A
  1. cell replication
    2.gene expression
    3.recombination
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24
Q

define cell replication

A

DNA is copied before cell division

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25
Q

dna is copied before cell division

A

cell replication

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26
Q

Define gene expression

A

DNA is used to make proteins

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27
Q

DNA is used to make proteins

A

Gene expression

28
Q

Define what recombination mean

A

DNA can flow between two different bacterial cells

29
Q

DNA can flow between two different bacterial cells

A

recombination

30
Q

Dna replication define it

A

one parental double stranded DNA molecule is used to make 2 identical double stranded DNA molecules

31
Q

true or false.
DNA replciation:
because the strands are not complementary, it cannot be used to as a template?

A

false, it can be used as a template

32
Q

Now we are aware that strands are complementary and because of that…

A

one strands can act as a template for synthesis of the other strands

33
Q

DNA polymerase….

A

reads the order of nucleotides in the template strands to make a complementary new strand

34
Q

Name the first step of DNA replication

A
  1. A small segment of the dsDNA and the strands unwinds and the strands are separated
  • which forms a replication fork
  • each separated strand serves asa template for synthesis of a complementary strand

A short RNA primer is produced by the enzyme : Primase

serves as a starting site for nucleotides to form new strand of DNA

35
Q

true or false.
A short RNA primer is produced by the enzyme:Primase

A

true

36
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication

A
  1. Synthesis of the Leading strand
    - Dna pol can only synthesize DNA in one direction = 5’ -> 3’
    - template must be read in the 3’-> 5’ direction
    -follows the replication fork
    -synthesis of the leading strand is continous in the 5’ to 3’ direction
37
Q

name the third step of dna replication

A

3.Synthesis of the lagging strand
- Dna polymerase can only make DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
- but the secnd strand must made in the opposite diretion

Dna polymerase synthesizes small fragments of DNa “ okazaki fragments
- made in the 5’ to 3’ direction
-afterwards , the RNA primers are removed and the fragments are joined together by enzyme DNA ligase.

38
Q

What are the two parts of gene expression

A

translation and transcription

39
Q

what is transcription

A

information stored in DNA is copied into RNA

40
Q

what is translation

A

information in RNA is decoded to make protein

41
Q

name the characteristics of transcription

A

synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

  • sequence is complementary to a gene
  • except: it contains U instead of T
42
Q

True or false: in transcription synthesis of DNA from a RNA template is what is occuring

A

False, it is the opposite

43
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

44
Q

describe what Messenger RNA is:

A

carries information for making specific protein

45
Q

describe what Ribosomal RNA mean:

A

forms part of ribosome

46
Q

describe what Transfer RNA mean:

A

transports specific amino acids for protein synthesis

47
Q

what are the steps in transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

48
Q

carries information for making specific amino acid

A

mRNA

49
Q

forms a part of ribosome

A

rRNA

50
Q

transports specific amino acids for protein synthesis

A

tRNA

51
Q

define initiation in transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to a gene at a specific site called the promoter
- seperates (melts) the two strands
Only one strand is copied- the template
the template is read in the 3’–>5’ direction so that RNA can be made in the 5’–>3’ direction

52
Q

describe elongation

A

RNA polymerase moves along the template synthesizing new RNA
- allows the DNA to rewind behind it

53
Q

describe termination

A

When RNA polymerase encounters the terminator (end of the gene) it falls off the template and releases the newly synthesized RNA.

54
Q

is it true: that RNA polymerase binds to the gene site called the promoter

A

yes it is true

55
Q

the genetic code:
information in mRNa must be———-

A

translated to make proteins

55
Q

the genetic code is organized into sets of _____ , also known as

A

3 sets of nucleotides - also known as codons

56
Q

True or false: genetic code:

each codon does not specifies an amino acid, no specification is needed to be added during protein synthesis

A

this is false, each codon specifies an amino acid to be added during protein synthesis

57
Q

True or false: genetic code:
sequence of codons in an tRNA determines sequence of amino acids in the protein

A

no this is not the job of tRNA, this is the job of mRNA therefore it is false.

58
Q

what are the three codons that specify stop codon :

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

59
Q

what does stop codon mean?

A

it signals the end of protein synthesis

60
Q

What are the steps in translation

A

1.initiation
2.elongation
3.termination

61
Q

true or false: transcription and translation holds the same steps , however they differ in the functions

A

this is in fact true

62
Q

Initiation in translation:

A
  1. a ribosome assembles on the mRNA
    a tRNA carrying the amino acid formyl methionine enters the P site
    a tRNA carrying a second amino acid enters the ribosome
    Specified by the codon in the A site
    The ribosome joins the amino acids together by a peptide bond
63
Q

elongation in translation

A

the ribosome moves a distance of one codon down the mRNA
- the next codon is now place in the A site

the correct tRNA enters the A site, bringing with it the next amino acid to be added

the amino acid is joined to the chain

forms a polypeptide

elongation continues until “ a stop codon” is reached

64
Q

termination in translation:

A

when a stop codon enters the A site, the ribosome dissembles and releases the polypeptide

the polypeptide is folded into the correct shape and becomes a protein

the ribosome can initiate translation of another mRNA

microbiology (27 decks)

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