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microbiology > chapter 17 Skin infections (diana's verison) > Flashcards

chapter 17 Skin infections (diana's verison) Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacterial infections
Hair follicle infections:

A

most commonly caused by staphylococcus aureus
most strains have several virulence factors

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2
Q

what are the several virulence factors in bacterial infections

A

coagulase
protein A
hyaluronidase and collagenase
leukocidin
beta toxin

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3
Q

this exoenzyme promotes fibrin clots

A

coagulase

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4
Q

what does coagulase mean

A

this exoenzyme promotes fibrin clots

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5
Q

binds to the Fc fragment of antibodies , inhibits opsonization

A

protein A

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6
Q

what does protein A mean

A

binds to Fc fragment of antibodies, inhibits opsonization

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7
Q

degrades hyaluronic acid and collagen

A

hyluronidase and collagenase

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8
Q

what does hyaluronidase and collagenase mean

A

degrades hyaluronic acid and collagen

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9
Q

kills leukocytes (especially nutrophils)

A

leukocidin

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10
Q

what does leukocidin mean

A

kills leukocytes (especially neutrophils)

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11
Q

destorys cells by poking holes in the membrane

A

beta toxin

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12
Q

what is beta toxin

A

destroys cells by poking holes in the membrane

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13
Q

clots blood (serves as a fort) , hide (immune system cannot find it)= it is protective

A

coagulase

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14
Q

most abundant connective tissue, collagenese

A

cutting your collagen

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15
Q

pokes holes in the membrane, it dies and everything is gonna leak out

A

beta toxin

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16
Q

true or false. bacterial infections some strains possess additional virulence factors.

A

true

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17
Q

this is an exotoxin that causes the separation of skin layers

A

exfoliatin

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18
Q

describe the characteristics for exfoliatin

A

an exotoxin that cases the seperation of skin layers
causes scalded skin syndrome in newborns
transmitted by direct or indirect contact
-an issue in hospital nurseries
prevented using hexachlorophene

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19
Q

what causes the toxic shock syndrome

A

toxic shock syndrome toxin

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20
Q

where does toxic shock syndrome form from?

A

staphylococcus

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21
Q

toxic shock syndrome toxin

A

causes toxin syndorme
results from a localized infection
toxin is released into the blood behaving as a superantigen
causes an extreme immune reaction
-fever, rash, vomitting., shock, organ failure, and ften death
an ex: would be tampon use

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22
Q

toxins are produced in foods that are stored at rom temperature

A

enterotoxins

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23
Q

this is commonly produced by streptococcus pyogenes can caused also be caused by staphylococcus aureus

A

impetigo

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24
Q

usually requires a wound to penetrate the outer layers of the skin examples are cuts bites, scratches

A

impetigo

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25
Q

causes inflammation of epidermis and results in thin walled blister (breaks and oozes plasma) allows bacteria to spread to other areas of the skin

A

impetigo

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26
Q

this is transmitted by direct or indirect contact and treated with antibiotics

A

impetigo

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27
Q

this is an opening in the skin that lets them through , it hardens since its dehydrated.

A

Impetigo

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28
Q

Infectious fluid, can spread to other people can be harmful to someone who is not healthy

A

bacterial infections (impetigo)

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29
Q

Bacterial Infections: Acne Vulgaris is also known as a what?

A

inflammatory acne

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30
Q

what is acne vulgaris known caused by?

A

this is caused by Propionibacterium acenes ( a member of the normal microbiota)

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31
Q

where does acne vulgaris grow?

A

grows anaerobically in hair follicles
- eats sebum
-oil secreted production of sebum can block the follicle
-bacterial overgrowth leads to inflammation

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32
Q

how is acne vulgaris treated?

A

it is treated with antibiotics
benzyol peroxide
accutance (isoretinoin)
-reduces sebum production
-many side effects such as birth defects and depression

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33
Q

bacterial infections:
lyme disease how is this caused ?

A

this is cuased by borrelia burgdorferi

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34
Q

what is the morphology of lyme disease

A

spirochette

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35
Q

this commonly infects deer and mice and, they serve as a reservoirs and transmitted to humans by ticks and serve as a vectors

A

lyme disease

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36
Q

what are the symptoms for lyme disease?

A

1.Has a characteristics bullseye rash at the bite site
-followed by fever,muscle pain, and headache
-can last for two weeks
2.occurs weeks to months after initial infection
-characterized by arthritis, facial paralysis, irregular rhythms
3.occurs months to years later
- characterized by chronic arthritis, neurological changes including memory and mood changes and sleep disturbances.

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37
Q

what is the treatment for lyme disease? and when are they given?

A

antibiotics,the first stage

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38
Q

Treatment of lyme disease:
Arthritis and neurological changes are most likely due to ________

A

autoimmunity

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39
Q

Will antibiotics still be effective in second or third stage of lyme disease?

A

no, it is no longer effective

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40
Q

Viral infections are still in the _____

A

skin

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41
Q

this spread virus back and forth and have the capacity by going in the respiratory droplet

A

varicella

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42
Q

what is a varicella?

A

chickenpox caused by the Varicella-Zoster Virus
human herpes virus 3

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43
Q

What is known as a highly contagious viral infection and transmitted by respiratory droplet?

A

varicella

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44
Q

what is varicella characteristics? as being a varicella

A

patients develop a characteristics rash
raised itchy lessions all over the body

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45
Q

what is the incubation period with varicella

A

incubation period varies from 10-21 days

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46
Q

when the virus is done- does not leave
sleep in one neuron (falls asleep) and. never wake up
but some can-people who are immunocompromise

A

varicella can lead into shingles

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47
Q

what is varicella treated with?

A

it is treated with an antiviral (acyclvoir)

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48
Q

what is also used as a herpes medication? descreases the replication of the virus, you just have less, but it is still there, and the severity of the infection is lower (can tolerate better)

A

acyclovir

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49
Q

how could you prevent varicella

A

attenuated whole agent vaccine administered as a part of the MMRV engine

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50
Q

True or false. Rubeola is spread a respiratory spread and easy spread and seen as contagious

A

true

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51
Q

this is also known as a measles virus

A

rubeola

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52
Q

what is rubeola incubation period?

A

incubation period lasts 10-12 days

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53
Q

what are the signs and symptoms for rubeola

A

cold like symptoms, koplik spots, and a macular rash

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54
Q

what could be the possible complications of rubeola

A

virla pneumonia, encephalitis,brain damage, SSPE

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55
Q

what are the treatments available for viral infections (rubeola)

A

no treatment available

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56
Q

what is the prevention for rubeola

A

attenuated vaccine administered as a aprt of the MMRV vaccine

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57
Q

Beofre vaccination measles caused _____ million deaths per year

A

2.6

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58
Q

true or false. Huamns are the only reservoir, eradication is possible .immunocompormise people does not need to get vaccinated, pregnant women etc.

A

true

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59
Q

True or false. Anytime a human is only reservoir, you do not have to minimize exposure or vaccinate all the animals

A

true

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60
Q

post-vaccination- _____ deaths occur per year

A

200,000 deaths

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61
Q

Viral infections : (Rubella)
german measles caused by _____ virus

A

rubella

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62
Q

this causes a milder disease than measles (faint pink rash)

A

rbella

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63
Q

true or false. Rubella cause serious complications if infection occurs during pregnancy

A

true

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64
Q

fetus can develop ___ rubella syndrome

A

congenital

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65
Q

birth defects in rubella include :

A

eye cataracts ,deafness, heart defects, mental retardation and still birth

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66
Q

what is the treatment for rubella

A

none , there is NONE

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67
Q

what could be a way of “ prevention “ for rubella

A

attenuated vaccine administered as a part of the MMRV regime

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68
Q

characteristics for rubella:
Viral Infections

A

German measles caused by Rubella virus
causes a milder diseases than measles
- faint like pink rash

may cause serious complications if infection occurs during pregnancy
fetus can develop congenital rubella syndrome
birth defects include: eye cataracts, deafness, heart defects, mental retardation, and still birth

no treatment is possible

prevention:
attenuated vaccine administered as a part of the MMRV regime

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69
Q

Viral infections : ( Warts ) is a skin to skin contact. True or false?

A

true

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70
Q

what can be caused by human papillomavirus.

A

warts

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71
Q

what is seen as a small tumours on the skin and mucous membranes

A

warts can be seen as these

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72
Q

Can warts be transmitted by direct or indirect contact

A

both

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73
Q

specific viral types infect different types of skin and membranes , and what are the examples.

A

cause different types of warts

ex) plantar warts, genital warts, dermal warts

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74
Q

true or false. Warts : only some viral strains are considered oncogenic, what are the examples

A

true.
cervical cancer, mouth cancer, and throat cancers

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75
Q

how do you remove warts ?

A

by removing virally infected cells
- freezing with liquid nitrogen
-salicylic acid (compound W)
-surgical removal

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76
Q

what is the prevention (can be given to boys and girls) for warts?

A

The HPV vaccine protects against 4 different viral strains 2 of which are most commonly found in cervical cancer cases

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77
Q

this virus gets shed if the person touch the surface (skin to skin): it is domino effects and highly contagious , can be direct or indirect

A

warts

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78
Q

most of them is not a big deal, but if its in the cervic can lead into cervic cancer

A

warts (HPV)

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79
Q

Fungal Infections:
Cutaneous mycoses

A

fungi grows on hair ,nails, and outer layers of the skin
- use keratin protein as a nutrient source
example : ringworm
ring shaped fungal rash
- often occurs in moist areas of the body (athlete’s foot, jock itch)

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80
Q

how is cutaneous mycoses tretaed?

A

it is treated with topical creams containing azoles on the skin
oral griseofulvin for hair and nail infections

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81
Q

you have to keep it localized as you can
you do not pop a pill, you spread it through a topical cream
it has circular pattern ( looped around ) right onto the skin surface

A

fungal infections (cutaneous mycoses)

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82
Q

Fungal Infections:
candidiasis

A

caused by the yeast candida albicans
- causes thrush and vaginitis

an opportunistic pathogen
- infects when the normal microbiota is eliminated secondary to antibiotic use

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83
Q

how is candidiasis treated?

A

it is treated with topical azoles or mouthwash containing nystatin

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84
Q

these will not be killed (antibiotics)- more space and more food and overgrow that way you have to treat it to restore balance

A

candidiasis

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85
Q

this is common in babies (since they do not have a lot of antibodies )

A

candidiasis

86
Q

bacterial diseases:
streptococcal pharyngitis

A

strep throat
streptoccus pyogenes
- Group A streptococci

87
Q

what does the symptoms include in streptococcal pharyngitis

A

sore throat, pus, red spots, fever

88
Q

what are the virulence factors for sterptoccoal pharyngitis?

A

streptolysins
streptokinase
capsule
M proteins

89
Q

exoenzymes that lyse red and white blood cells

A

streptolysins

90
Q

define streptolysins

A

exoenzyme that lyse red and white blood cells

91
Q

A fibrinolysin

A

streptokinase

92
Q

define streptokinase

A

a fibrinolyisn

93
Q

prevents phagocytosis

A

capsule

94
Q

define capsule

A

prevents phagocytosis

95
Q

surface antigens that interfere with complement

A

M proteins

96
Q

Define M proteins

A

surface antigens that interfere with complement

97
Q

what is the treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis

A

penincillin

98
Q

name the term for these describing:

comes outside of the cell finds these cells and rupture them (immune system less protective)

for sticking (you can replicate) allows you to be resistant to phagocytosis

this is also for attachment however it looks so much like heart cardiac muscle, it targets them instead

A

streptolysins

capsule

M protein

99
Q

True or false. Some group A Strep have additional virulence factors ?

A

true

100
Q

Bacterial diseases:
Group A Strep have additional virulence factors:
Scarlet Fever

A

Erythrogenic toxin
- reddening toxin

Symptoms include:
- severe high fever, scarlet red tongue, sandpaper like red rash

101
Q

bacterial diseases (Group A Strep have additional virulence factors):
Necrotizing Fasciitis:

A

Pyrogenic exototoxin A
-super antigen
- causes a massive immune response, high fever, inflammation and shock

102
Q

bacterial diseases (Group A Strep have additional virulence factors):
Necrotizing Fasciitis: Pyrogenic exotoxin B

A

exoenzyme
- degrades protein, causing tissue death and breakdown

infects tissue faster than the surgeon can cut

103
Q

describe the following circumstances:

to produce the color red (it’s a colouring toxin)

this is a flesh eating disease

A

scarlett fever

necrotizing fasciitis

104
Q

this is an enzyme (joints are held together by proteins, if you have a chemical that degrades (crumbling sand losing)

A

pyrogenic exotoxin B

105
Q

this is an enzyme (joints are held together by proteins, if you have a chemical that degrades (crumbling sand losing)

A

pyrogenic exotoxin B

106
Q

Bacterial Diseases :
Post Streptococcal sequelae:
is described as what?

A

complications that can develop after recovery from strep throat

107
Q

Bacterial Diseases: Post Streptococcal Sequelae

Rheumatic Fever:

A

Antibodies against M proteins damage heart tissue and valves
symptoms include:
fever, joint pain, nodules in the joints

108
Q

Bacteria disease: Post streptococcal Sequelae
Carditis

A

inflammation of the heart
long term damage to the heart valves
leads to heart failure, death

109
Q

this has become rare in north american
- prompt treamtnet of strep throat

A

carditis

110
Q

random mutations in the gene encoding the M protein

A

carditis

111
Q

it goes back and forth , the turbulence will murmur

A

carditis

112
Q

true or false. Bacteria are little and simple (can change) organism like is cannot change, it’s complicated and highly conserved

A

True

113
Q

Bacterial diseases:
this is caused by corynebacterium diptheriae

A

diptheria

114
Q

what does the symptoms include in dipetheria:

A

mild sore throat, extreme fatigue, and malaise
produces diptheria toxin
- cytotoxin
-destroys cells in the respiratory tract
-pseudomembrane forms on the tonsils and throat
can cause suffocation
-toxin can be released into the blood causing heart and kidney failure

115
Q

what are the treatments for diphtheria

A

antibiotics work to stop the infection- cannot destroy the txin
anti toxin antibody can be adminsitered

116
Q

what is the prevention for diptheria?

A

toxoid vaccine given as a part of the DTaP regime

117
Q

we vaccinate against the toxin and not the bug, is this true in terms of diptheria?

A

yes this is true

118
Q

Bacterial Diseases:
Pertusis is caused by

A

bortadella pertusis
Whooping cough

119
Q

what is the first and second stage of pertusis

A

first stage: cold like symptoms
Second stage : bacterium produces a cytotoxin and kills ciliated cells in the airway
prevents the movement of mucuous
results in violent coughs

120
Q

what are the treatment for pertusis?

A

antibiotics are only effective against the bacterium
during the first stage before damage has occurred

121
Q

how could YOU prevent pertusis ?

A

effective vaccination as a aprt of DTap
Required booster every 10 years

122
Q

babies with whooping cough will/

A

die of exhaustion

123
Q

pertusis destroys?

A

destroys respiratory cells

124
Q

Pinkeye, earaches, and sinus infections can be caused by

A

bacteria or viruses

125
Q

Define the characteristics for conjuctivits

A

infection of the surface of the eye
symptoms include redness, itching of the eye
pus and swelling are present when bacteria are responsible

126
Q

what is the treatment for conjuctitivis?

A

antibiotics

127
Q

otitis media define the charcatertisitcs

A

infection of the middle of the ear
causes severe earache
most common in young children
antibiotics are rarely effective

128
Q

Define the following:

inflammation around the eye
not infectious they are….

over the top surface of the the eye becomes inflammed

this is meant to indicate infection of the middle ear

A

pink eye
earaches

conjunctivitis
otitis media

129
Q

describe what sinusitis mean

A

infection of sinuses
facial pain and pressure
thick green nasal discharge
treatment: antibiotics

130
Q

this is the hollowing-out of the face and the bone and the outcome a lot of pressure and pain

dark limey very characteristics and different from what you expect from a respiratory infection

A

sinusitis

131
Q

this is a lung infection and can be caused by many different bacteria

(immune system is not functioning properly)—> can cause a very serious infection

A

bacterial pneumonias

132
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia

A

is a streptoccous pneumoniae (a gram positive bacterium)
symptoms include high fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, coughing, prostration
often requires hospitilization
treated with antibiotics

133
Q

how do we prevent pneumococcal pneumonia

A

subinit vaccine
capsular polysaccharde
given to risk groups such as smokers , alcoholics and smokers

conjugate vaccine
effective in babies as young as 2 months old

134
Q

describe the following:
this is where you take a bit of capsule

you combine it with diphtheria toxoid and the point is you ultimately give effects to inside of two antigen at once

A

subunit vaccine (capsular polysaccharide)

conjugate vaccine

135
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia is caused by

A

klebsiella pneumoniae a gram negative bacterium
symptoms include high fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, coughing, prostration

136
Q

how is kelvsiella pneumonia treated?

A

it is treated with broad spectrium antibiotics
problems with resistance
KPC: Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (B lactamase)
- frequent cause of nocosomial infections

137
Q

what is the prevention for klebsiella pneumonia

A

infection control measures

138
Q

this is a different bacterium than pneumonical, same species name but different genus and its a gram negative

A

klebsiella pneumonia

139
Q

the different organism and a different gram stain, it will create the same symptoms

gives you coverage, incase there’s another spectrum the ling is protective you don’t want a infection in broad spectrum = gives you better coverage

A

bacterial disease (klebsiella pneumonia)

140
Q

True or false. The purpose of the prevention of klebsiella pneumonia–> minimizing exposure, making sure you are not taking it from one infected person to another, making sure people are not suffering from consequences

A

true

141
Q

Bacterial Disease:
Other bacteria that cause pneumonia include

A

haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aerugonisa
Mycoplasma pneumoniae

142
Q

describe the haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aerugonisa
Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

once the major cause of pneumonia in young children
major cause of pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patient
‘walking pneumonia’ generally more mild pneumonia that rarely requires hospitalization

143
Q

produces an aqua color on a petri dish
this targets the weakest people and the outcome is severe consequences (resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics )

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

144
Q

does not have a cell wall (that’s weird cannot use penincillin to target it peptidoglycan)
people who are not confided to bed and state of health in general

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

145
Q

this is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tuberculosis

146
Q

how is tuberculosis trasmitted?

A

transmitted via coughing: airborne
remains viable in dried droplets/ sputum

147
Q

this is something you “cough out”

A

this is sputum

148
Q

People with tuberculosis and infected develop what? which leads into what after?

A

they develop a latent infection: no symptoms, can lead into chronic disease later in life

149
Q

what does the symptoms for tuberculosis?

A

progressive weight loss, chronic coughing, calcified lessions in the lung (tubercules), and eventual death

150
Q

slow growing , and you need a cocktail therapy - sometimes more than a year , the resistance chance is very high and at the end of the day this is a respiratory disease

A

tuberculosis

151
Q

True or false. Tuberculosis becomes active can be life long creates a scenario spreading a part of their body , this can be systemic and may result in a sinister outcome

A

tuberculosis

152
Q

Bacterial Disease:
Diagnosis of TB
(Tuberculin skin test) (Mantoux test)

A

purified protein is injected into skin and reacts with memory T cells
- Type IV hypersensitivity
may indicate
- active infection
-previous infection
-previous vaccination

153
Q

true or false.
In terms of diagnosis :
they take purified cell wall of mycobacterium species (doesn’t matter)- it has myolic acid in the cell wall
inject it underneath following with another cytotoxic shot. If a person has memory T cells activate- cytotoxic T cell response causing it to repair

A

this is false. Cytotoxic is not given as a “shot”, and it does not repair, it damages your tissues instead

154
Q

What happens if you inject foreign material underneath the skin?

A

you will have a respond

155
Q

True or false.
You want to measure and tell a difference of foreign material or memory T cells , the diameter will be really important (a positive is not the same )–> people who does not have a good immune system).

A

true

156
Q

what is the treatment for tuberculosis?

A

6 month regimen of 3-4 antibiotics including rifampin, isoniazid , streptomycin

157
Q

is resistance a big problem in TB?

A

yes it is a big problem, MDR TB

158
Q

what are the vaccine that can be given to tuberculosis?

A

live attenuated vaccine composed of closely related species
can cause disease in immunocompromised patients
does not always confer effective immunity

159
Q

there are certain strains to already resistant drugs to tb what is it?

A

MDR-TB

160
Q

True or false. The vaccine that can be seen used for TB is actually very good, and less risk are given.

A

False, it is the opposite

161
Q

Live attenuated is composed related species myobacterium ____ not myobacterium tuberculosis. (same genus but different species).

A

polvis

162
Q

Legionnaire’s disease is caused by

A

legionella pneumophilia

163
Q

this survives and multiples inside of macrophages

A

legionella’s disease

164
Q

it’s not just any free bacteria, this is inside of the cell (he is protective from immune system)

A

legionnaire’s disease

165
Q

what does symptoms include in legionnaire’s disease?

A

dry cough, fever, shaking chills, confusion, and possibly death

166
Q

how is legionnaire’s disease transmitted?

A

through aerosolized water droplets
ex: large central air conditioning systems
cannot be transmitted from person to person

167
Q

how are legionnare’s disease treated?

A

they are treatment with antibiotics that exhibit good tissue penetration

168
Q

Describe these following and name the term for it:
is is non productive : no mucuous, and blood pressure is not overcome/controlled which leads to death.

this must not only enter your tissue extracellular but also the macrophage

A

legionnaire’s disease

169
Q

what does transmitted through aerosolized water droplets mean?

A

it basically means not purified water

170
Q

wha is the prevention for legionnaire’s disease?

A

no vaccine exists but you could proper disinfect to minimize infectious aerosols

171
Q

true or false.
There are no cure for anti-viral diseases

A

true

172
Q

Viral diseases:
The common cold

A

nasopharyngitis
- inflammation of the nose and throat
symptoms include sneezing and nasal congestion

self limiting in 1 week
- there is not treatment or vaccine available-treat symptoms

173
Q

The common cold: Exposure results in long immunity but:

A

there are at least 8 groups including rhinoviruses ,coronaviruses and other viruses

each group has serverla types
ex: at leadt 113 rhinoviruses

over 200 different cold are possible

174
Q

what is this describing? Creates discomfort
(you have a lot of fluid)

breathing isn’t so easy, this is a virus and there are no treatment, you can treat symptoms , drink water , if you are doing those things you are supporting therapy

A

The common cold

175
Q

this is referred to as the flu, and symptoms include fever, malaise, body aches, chest cough

A

infleunza

176
Q

True or false. Influenza is a cold like symptoms appear as the fever subsides (an enveloped, segmented RNA virus–> 8 segments)

A

True

177
Q

What are the two types of spikes in influenza: (surface antigens)

A

hemagglutinin (h antigen): used for attachment
Neurominidase: (N antigen): used to promote release of virus from host cell
- target neuraminidase inhibitors tamiflu and relenza

178
Q

sometimes people get misconception that cause to gastrointestinal illness as a flu but in general ____ is a respiratory flu

A

influenza

179
Q

used to peeling off the cell , already been infected

A

neuraminidase inhibitors

180
Q

Virus is named for these two antigens:

A

H1N1
H1N5

swine flue
bird blue

181
Q

True or false. The type of variant you are going to encounter , is the type of immune respond what you’re gonna need

A

true

182
Q

Viral diseases:
what are the two type of genetic change that can happen in infleunza

A

antigenic drift and antigenic shift

183
Q

true or false. Antigenic drift is minor mutations in H antigen or N antigen, and can result in minor annual flu variations

A

true

184
Q

Antigenic drift: Is it false, that number designation does not change ,and results in vaccine or immunity becoming less effective.

A

NO this is true

185
Q

name the characteristics for antigenic drift

A

antigenic drift is minor mutations in H antigen or N antigen

can result in minor annual variations
- number designation does not change
results in vaccine or immunity becoming less effective

186
Q

name what this is describing:
kinda looks the same but if you look to the right, there is a slight change= this is called a minor change (this is gentle)
No change in the term if it’s h1 it’s still called H1

A

antigenic drift

187
Q

name what this is describing: (this is a big change)
this is aggressive , any anybodies you wold’ve produced would no longer work in the second one genetic rearrangment

A

antigenic shift

188
Q

this is when two viruses infect the same individual they an exchange segments a

A

antigenic shift

189
Q

describe the characteristics of antigenic shift

A

when two viruses infect the same individual they can exchange segments
-genetic rearrangment
-allows evasion of almost all previously developed immunity
can result in pandemics

190
Q

Influenza vaccine: True or false directed at three antigens strains expected to be prevalent in the coming year

A

true

191
Q

Influenza vaccine: describe the characteristics

A

made each year
directed at three antigenic strains expected to be most prevalent in the coming year

192
Q

name what this is describing:

H7N3
H1N6
= the pig gets co infected

** The fact it’s co infected** means two infections at the same time- both influenza infections, same cells can be infected= rearrangment creates a novel infection

because RNA is segmented, you just mix and match pieces when assembling new virus which can result in pandemic and spread across the world

A

antigenic shift

193
Q

RSV is the what?

A

this is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children

194
Q

RSV causes cells to form

A

synctia

195
Q

what are the symptoms for RSV

A

runny nose, wheezing, and difficulty breathing

196
Q

what is the most common characteristic for RSV :

A

loud, high pitched cough called croup (barking cough)

197
Q

what are effective treatments or vaccination available for RSV?

A

none, it can ONLY treat the symptoms but not the actual infection

198
Q

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by

A

hantavirus

199
Q

how is hantavirus pulmonary syndrome transmitted?

A

transmitted through the inhalation of dried urine, and feces from infected rodents for example : deer mouse of manitoba

200
Q

what are the symptoms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

A

fever, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhead

201
Q

true or false. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome : lungs fill with fluid causing difficulty breathing : followed by shock and death in 50% infected individuals

A

true

202
Q

what is the treatment for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

A

no treatment available
- you just treat the symptoms

203
Q

what is the prevention for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?

A

no vaccine , avoid contact with urine and feces

204
Q

true or false. to treat the symptoms in hanatvirus pulmonary syndrome, fluid restoration , is more likely to maintain a blood pressure , more likely keeping your organ from failing

A

true

205
Q

this can lead into hypovolemic shock , losing a lot of volume multiple organ failure

A

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

206
Q

Fungal diseases:
North American Blastomycosis is caused by

A

Blastomyces dematitidis

207
Q

North American Blastomycosis is transmitted by the

A

inhalation of yeast like spores found in acidic soils

208
Q

this begins as a lung infection) pneumonia like symptoms

A

North American Blastomycosis

209
Q

this becomes systemic (usually diagnosed based on skin or tissue ulcers)

A

north american blastomycosis

210
Q

How is north american blastomycosis treated

A

treated with amphotericin B

211
Q

once it goes in thats where the spores are and that’s where they germinate, they become vegetative because systematic - it has a terrible selective toxicity

A

North American Blastomycosis

microbiology (27 decks)

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