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microbiology > chapter 13 (The Innate Immune Response) > Flashcards

chapter 13 (The Innate Immune Response) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

viruses (from latin word for poison)

A

acellular particles capable of infecting host cells and causing disease

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2
Q

Not-free-living-require a host in which to multiply

A

viruses

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3
Q

obligate intracellular parasites are also….

A

viruses

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4
Q

true or false. Viruses use host metabolic systems and usually disrupt normal host cell function.

A

true

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5
Q

name some characteristics/features of viruses:

A

do not have a plasma membrane because they are acellular
-contain a single type of nucleic acid- either DNA or RNA
- surrounded by a protein coat
-may or may not have additional envelope of lipids

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6
Q

true or false
features of viruses:
Have very few of their own enzymes and take over enzymes of their host.

A

true

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7
Q

Is it true that viruses can infect Animals, Plants, Protozoa, and Bacteria

A

true

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8
Q

Host Range:
Most viruses are specific for a ___ ___ ____
name an example.

A

single host species
example: some viruses recognize the fimbriae of a certain bacterial species

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9
Q

Viral size:

A

electron microscope is required to view viruses
-range from 20-1000 nm in length.

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10
Q

Viral Architecture:
All viruses have at least two parts:

A
  1. Nucleic acid
  2. Capsid
  3. Envelope
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11
Q

Nucleic acid:
True or false: Can have either DNA or RNA as genetic material-not both

A

true

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12
Q

nucleic acid can either be what strands?

A

can be single stranded or double stranded , can be linear or circular

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13
Q

is it true that nucleic acid :
can be in several pieces-segmented

A

true

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14
Q

name the characteristics :capsid

A

protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid
made up of individual proteins called, capsomeres
nucleic acid and capsid- nucleocapsid

minimum required structure for a virus

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15
Q

Envelope:

A

Not present in all viruses
Lipid bilayer (membrane) acquired from the host cell
External coating around the nucleocapsid
Additional viral proteins inserted into the envelope- called spikes

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16
Q

Morphology (shape) of viruses
Polyhedral
Helical
Enveloped
Complex

A
  1. usually icosahedral-shape with 20 triangular faces
    2.Long rods-can be rigid or flexible
    3.Roughly spherical-dictated by lipid bilayer
    4.Polyhedral head with a helical tail (only found in bacteriophage)
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17
Q

classification of viruses: based on (three) name them:

A

nucleic acid type
capsid structure
presence of envelope

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18
Q

describe the classification of viruses based on nucleic acid type:

A

DNA or RNA, single stranded or double stranded, segmented or single molecule

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19
Q

describe the classification of viruses based on capsid structure:

A

polyhedral, helical

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20
Q

naming of viruses:
family-ends with suffix is what?

A

viridae

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21
Q

Naming of viruses:
genus-ends with suffix

A

virus

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22
Q

define species in naming virus

A

specific epithets are not used instead they are given a descriptive name

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23
Q

name example of family, genus

A

family: herpesvirdae
genus: simplexvirus

24
Q

name an example of species,and name its responsibility

A

human herpesvirus 2 virus responsible for genital herpes

25
Q

Multiplication of animal viruses :
1. Adsorption
2.Penetration

A

1.adsorption -attachment to host cell
-viruses have attatchment sites-recognize protein or glycoprotein of host membrane

2.Penetration entry into host cell , naked virus enters the cell via endocytosis

most enveloped viruses enter by fusion-lipids of envelope fuse with host cytoplasmic membrane.

26
Q

Multiplication of animal viruses:
3. Uncoating
4.Biosynthesis

A
  1. viral nucleic acid is freed from the capsid
  2. Viral nucleic acids are replicated
    -DNA replication occurs in the nucleus
    -RNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm
    Viral proteins (capsomeres) are synthesized in the cytoplasm
    Biosynthesis relies on the host metabolic machinery. For example replication and transcription enzymes, ribosomes
27
Q

Multiplication of animal viruses:
5.Maturation and assembly
6.Release

A

5.New virions are assembled
- capsomeres form from the capsid
nucleic acid enters the capsid -forms the nucleocapsid
6.Naked virus- burst out,rupture host cell- host cell dies

Enveloped viruses- bud out, virus pushes through cytoplasmic membrane
- steady release of mature viruses
-host cell stays alive for a long time

28
Q

what are the six multiplication of animal viruses

A

1.adsorption
2.Penetration
3.Uncoating
4.Biosynthesis
5.Maturation and assembly
6.Release

29
Q

Interactions between viruses and animal hosts :
Define if this is infact true or its false.
Host defense plays major role in outcome of viral infection which protects against otherwise lethal infection

A

True

30
Q

Interactions between viruses and animal hosts: most healthy humans carry a number of:

A

viruses and antibodies to viruses

31
Q

Interactions between viruses and animal hosts:
if virus is transferred from the immune host to another individual it cannot result in infection

A

false, it does lead into infection

32
Q

Categories of animal virus infection:
Acte infections:

A

usually short duration
disease symtoms results from tissue damage
- lysis of host cells- release and spread of virus particles

33
Q

acute infections: name the other two characteristics you have not mentioned

A

host defense systems gradually eliminate virus
- may take days or months
Host may develop long lasting immunity
ex mumps polio,influenza

34
Q

Acute infection with late complications :
After acute infections, ______

A

some non-infectious particles remain
- can cuase serious disease after years later such as measles– subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Fatal brain disorder-occurs up to ten years after recovery from measles.

35
Q

Persistan tviral infections:
Virus is continously present in your body, but may or not cause diease. True or false

A

true

36
Q

persistent viral infections:
can infected host serve as a resorvoir, meaning they can transmit virus to others?

A

yes that is indeed true

37
Q

latent viral infections:
describe three characteristics

A

Acute infection followed by symptomless period

the virus integrates a copy of its DNA into host cell chromosome and remains dormant (Provirus)

Disease can be reactivated years later

ex: varicella zoster virus (herpes family)

38
Q

varicella zoster virus (herpes family)

A

causes- chicken pox (Varicella) in children

remains latent for years- no disease
can reactivate later to cause shingles (herpes-zoster)

39
Q

Chronic viral infection:

A

after the acute priod, infectious virus remains present at all times

  • may or may not cause noticeable symptoms
40
Q

chronic viral infection:
ex: hepatitis B(serum hepatitis virus)
is it transmitted by blood, or sexually transmitted

A

both of them

41
Q

can hepatitis B (serum hepatitis virus) may have ________ , what are some symptoms

A

may have acute period, fever,nausea, jaundice

42
Q

hepatitis B (serum hepatitis virus) after the acute period, what happens?

A

virus numbers stay high for the rest of the patient’s life , and may cause cirrhoris or liver cancer after many years.

43
Q

Viruses and Human Tumors:

define tumor, benign tumor,and malignan tumor :

A

tumor-abnormal growth of tissue
benign tumor- does not spread
Malignan tumor -metatasize and invade nearby tissues (ie. cancer)

44
Q

Viruses and Human Tumors:
Cell growth is controlled by two types of genes:

A

Proto-oncogenes - Genes that stimulate cell growth
Tumor suppressor genes- Genes that inhibit cell growth

mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, tumor formation and cancer

45
Q

Cancer causing viruses (oncogenic viruses)
explain it using this:
Carry oncogenes -
Most are DNA viruses

A

genes that interfere with the cell’s control mechanisms

Integrate viral DNA into the host chromosome as a provirus
Oncogenes continue to be expressed

46
Q

virus associated with cancers in human are

A

hepatitis b and hepatitis C

Epstein-barr virus

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

47
Q

hepatits B and hepatitis C are

A

believed to have cause almost all cases of liver cance

48
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

A

causes infectious mononucleoisis

may cause lymphoma (cancer of white blood cells ) and some cancers of the nose and throat

49
Q

Human Papillo mavirus (HPV0

A

sexually transmitted-genital warts believed to cause almost all cases of cervic cancer

50
Q

what may cause lymphoma (cancer of white blood cells) and cancer of nose and throat?

A

epstein-barr virus

51
Q

Virus-like infectious particles
Viroids

A

Naked RNA
No protein coat
results in some diseases in plants and not yet found in animal

52
Q

Virus-like infectious particles
Prions

A

Infectious protein particles
No genetic material (RNA or DNA)
linked to several human and animal diseases

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

sponge like holes in brain

53
Q

Mode of infection:
they are seem to be transmitted through_____

and set an example:

A

they are seem to be transmitted through food

an example would be sheep infected with prions- scrapie

eaten by cows- mad cow disease
eaten by humans-variant Creutzfeuld jakob disease

54
Q

mode of infection:

are they usually destroyed by high temperature and name an example on how they CAN be destroyed

A

not usually destroyed by high temperatures

can be destroyed by autoclaving in a solution of sodium hydroxide (strong base)

55
Q

true or false:

mode of infection:

onset of disease in humans occurs several years after infection? how does it accumlate in the brain? and is there any treatment?

A

this is true, and not clear why-or how it accumulates in the brain

always fatal - no treatment or cure.

microbiology (27 decks)

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