chapter 14 Innate Immune response

Question 1

overview of innate immunity :

Non-specific
No memory component
Always present

Answer 1

non-specific = act against all (most ) microbes in the same way
no memory component - cannot recall previous contact with an invader
always present - it is active before an infection occurs
-responds rapidly

Question 2

overview of innate immunity includes first line defenses and second line defenses : define what they mean

Answer 2

first line defenses= physical and chemical barriers that prevent microbes from entering the body

second line defences - components that act to
eliminate microbes that have invaded body tissues
cellular defenses

Question 3

the first line of defense : Physical barriers

1. Skin

Answer 3

outer surface of skin consists of dead cells and keratin (a protective protein)

frequently shed-removes microbes

dry-inhibit growth of microbes

Question 4

skin infections are more common on moist areas of skin, or in moist environments. Is that true or false.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

outer layer of skin is an excellent defense which is known to be rarely penetrated by microbes

Answer 5

true

Question 6

most infections occur ______ - after skin has been broken

Answer 6

under the skin

Question 7

some microbes are able to eat dead skin cells and oils secreted by the skin , this can result in what?

Answer 7

this can result in body odor

Question 8

The first line defense
Physical barriers
2) mucous membranes where is it involve? and define what it is

Answer 8

involved in fluid or gas exchange
line our “tracts:- digestive tract
-secrete mucous - a glycoprotein - keeps membrane from drying (crackling)
(which traps the micorbes)

Question 9

True or false:
Mucous allow a greater protection than the skin.

Answer 9

this is false, skin allows a greater protection, not the mucous

Question 10

Mucous is describe as mucocilliary escalator, define what this mean

Answer 10

this means cilia sweep mucous away

Question 11

Lastly for physical barriers under first line defenses, what is the last category, and name it’s contribution

Answer 11

Fluid Flow
- saliva, tears, urine, vaginal secretions- move microbes away from the body

Question 12

name the 3 category that undergoes first line defenses and are known as physical barriers

Answer 12

1)skin
2)mucous
3)fluid flow

Question 13

Antimicrobial substances
(Chemical barriers)
1.Acidity of body fluids and skin

Answer 13

stomach acid -pH 2
destroys many bacteria and toxins
Skin-fatty acids and lactic acid -pH 3-5
prevents growth of microbes

Question 14

what is the second chemical barriers that undergoes antimicrobial barriers
(first line defneses)

Answer 14

this is called lysozyme
lysozyme - enzymes taht degrades peptidoglycan
found in sweat, tears, nasal secretions

Question 15

Lactoferrin is the third category in antimicrobial substances (chemical barriers under first line defenses) describe what it is

Answer 15

iron binding proteins in milk, mucous
makes iron unavailable to slow growth of microbes

Question 16

What is the fourth category in antimicrobial substances under the the first line defenses

Answer 16

short polypeptides
poke holes in the microbial membranes
produced by epithelial cells

Question 17

Lastly we have the normal microbiota in the first line defences of antimicrobial substances, define what this means

Answer 17

acquired shortly after birth
prevent growth of pathogens
competitive exclusion and microbial antagonism

Question 18

the second line of defense
the cells of the immune system:
leukocytes
phagocytes
describe both of them

Answer 18

leukocytes are white blood cells - always found in normal blood but increase in response of infection
phagocytes- white blood cells that use phagocytosis to “eat” microbes.

Question 19

what is the three broad groups of leukocytes

Answer 19

1. granulocytes
   2.mononucleur phagocytes
   3.lymphocytes

Question 20

granulocytes have large granules in their ____ - in which means this can be visible through what?

Answer 20

they have large granules in their cytoplasm, which means this can b visible by light microscope

Question 21

what are the three sub-groups of granulocytes

Answer 21

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

Question 22

describe what basophils are

Answer 22

weak phagocytes
secrete chemoattractants
release histamine-causes inflammation,allergies

Question 23

eosinophils, destroy what? set an example, and a description

Answer 23

destroy large pathogens, for example parasite worms
produce extracellular digestive enzymes to attack the parasite

Question 24

this is known to be strong phagocytes, define what it is and name a description

Answer 24

neutrophils, polymorphonuclear, and can leave blood and migrate into tissues to destroy invading microbes