chapter 1 (brief history of microbiology) Flashcards
Robert HOOKE (1665) : List his description
Used a crude microscope to view individuals cells
Beginning Cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
Amateur lens grinder
Built microscopes that could view living microorganims
- he called them ‘animalcules’
define what spontaneous generation is
belief that some forms of life can arise from non-living mater
define what biogenesis is
living matter arises only from pre-exisiting living matter
define the differences between spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis
spontaneous generation is belief that some forms of life can arise from non-living matter
biogenesis is living matter arises only from pre-existing living matter
Louis Pasteur (1861) defined what he did
used swan necked flasks to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
developed the principle of aseptic technique
name Louis Pasteur’s further contributions
-Air was responsible for turning into alcohol
-Pasteur showed that microscopic yeast (fungi) convert sugar to alcohol using a process called fermentation
- in the absence of oxygen- anaerobic
-souring then occurs when bacteria turn the alcohol into vinegar
his solution: heating beer wine after fermentation would kill the bacteria and prevent spoilage , this is called pasteurization
true or false. previously, it was believed that disease was a punishment for crimes or misdeeds. When whole towns got sick: it was the work of ____. If proven true name this theory, and if false, explain why it is false.
Yes it was true, and the theory is called the germ theory of disease, and the missing blank is __> demons
Who’s work determined that microbes were responsible for chemical and physical changed to their environment, which also prompted the speculation that microbes could also be responsible for disease.
Louis Pasteur’s work on fermentation
Joseph Lister (1860’s) defined what he did
used phenol to clean surgical instruments and treat surgical wounds
drastically reduced the incidence of surgical infections which lead to the development of disinfectant and antiseptics.
Robert Koch (1876) , defined some his distribution
Investigated the cause of anthrax
isolated bacteria from the blood of infected cows
- he showed that a particular bacterium was present in all cases of disease
who injected the bacterium into healthy cows, and the cows ended up contracted anthrax and died?
Robert Koch
name the other distributions Robert Koch has made.
-Re-isolated bacteria from the injected cows and showed that they were identical to his first sample
-Showed that a specific microbe was the cause of a particular disease
-established a sequence of experimental steps that could be used to find the causative agent of other diseases- Koch’s postulates
Edward Jenner (1798)
- Developed a vaccine to protect against the disease smallpox
-Observed that people who were previously sick with the mild disease cowpox did not get sick with smallpox
This scientist purposely inoculated a young boy with cow pox, and the boy became mildly ill, and the boy recovered and became immune to small pox
edward jenner
Louis Pasteur (1880), name his distribution this year.
Bacterium that caused fowl cholera lost its ability to cause disease when grown in the lab for long periods of time
-still able to induce immunity to fowl cholera when injected into healthy birds
-Vaccination-purposely exposure to a killed or weakened microbe in order to induce an immune response
Paul ehrlich (1908)
Noticed that certain dyes stained bacteria differently than they stained animal cells
Proposed that a chemical might be found that would harm disease causing microbes without harming the host
- selective toxicity - ability of the drug to targets sites that are relative specific to the microorganism responsible for infection. Sometimes these sites are unique to the microorganism or simply more essential to survival of the microorganism than to the host.
This scientist eventually discovered salvarsan which is an arsenic derivative that could be used to treat syphilis (beginning of chemo)
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
Defined selective toxicity
ability of the drug to target sites that are relative to the microorganism responsible for infection. Sometimes these sites are unique to the microorganism or simply more essential to survival of the microorganism than to the host.
He noticed that mold inhibited bacterial growth on contaminated plates
Alexander Fleming
Name Alexander Fleming’s contribution in 1928
produced a natural compound called penicillin
- the first antibiotic
- an antimicrobial chemical produced naturally by bacteria or fungi
Carl Linnaeus (1674-1748)
naming system for microorganisms
Ex: species name
- genus and species are latinized
-always written in italics or underlined
