chapter 1 (brief history of microbiology)

Question 1

Robert HOOKE (1665) : List his description

Answer 1

Used a crude microscope to view individuals cells
Beginning Cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells

Question 2

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

Answer 2

Amateur lens grinder
Built microscopes that could view living microorganims
- he called them ‘animalcules’

Question 3

define what spontaneous generation is

Answer 3

belief that some forms of life can arise from non-living mater

Question 4

define what biogenesis is

Answer 4

living matter arises only from pre-exisiting living matter

Question 5

define the differences between spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis

Answer 5

spontaneous generation is belief that some forms of life can arise from non-living matter
biogenesis is living matter arises only from pre-existing living matter

Question 6

Louis Pasteur (1861) defined what he did

Answer 6

used swan necked flasks to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
developed the principle of aseptic technique

Question 7

name Louis Pasteur’s further contributions

Answer 7

-Air was responsible for turning into alcohol
-Pasteur showed that microscopic yeast (fungi) convert sugar to alcohol using a process called fermentation
- in the absence of oxygen- anaerobic
-souring then occurs when bacteria turn the alcohol into vinegar
his solution: heating beer wine after fermentation would kill the bacteria and prevent spoilage , this is called pasteurization

Question 8

true or false. previously, it was believed that disease was a punishment for crimes or misdeeds. When whole towns got sick: it was the work of ____. If proven true name this theory, and if false, explain why it is false.

Answer 8

Yes it was true, and the theory is called the germ theory of disease, and the missing blank is __> demons

Question 9

Who’s work determined that microbes were responsible for chemical and physical changed to their environment, which also prompted the speculation that microbes could also be responsible for disease.

Answer 9

Louis Pasteur’s work on fermentation

Question 10

Joseph Lister (1860’s) defined what he did

Answer 10

used phenol to clean surgical instruments and treat surgical wounds
drastically reduced the incidence of surgical infections which lead to the development of disinfectant and antiseptics.

Question 11

Robert Koch (1876) , defined some his distribution

Answer 11

Investigated the cause of anthrax
isolated bacteria from the blood of infected cows
- he showed that a particular bacterium was present in all cases of disease

Question 12

who injected the bacterium into healthy cows, and the cows ended up contracted anthrax and died?

Answer 12

Robert Koch

Question 13

name the other distributions Robert Koch has made.

Answer 13

-Re-isolated bacteria from the injected cows and showed that they were identical to his first sample
-Showed that a specific microbe was the cause of a particular disease
-established a sequence of experimental steps that could be used to find the causative agent of other diseases- Koch’s postulates

Question 14

Edward Jenner (1798)

Answer 14

• Developed a vaccine to protect against the disease smallpox
  -Observed that people who were previously sick with the mild disease cowpox did not get sick with smallpox

Question 15

This scientist purposely inoculated a young boy with cow pox, and the boy became mildly ill, and the boy recovered and became immune to small pox

Answer 15

edward jenner

Question 16

Louis Pasteur (1880), name his distribution this year.

Answer 16

Bacterium that caused fowl cholera lost its ability to cause disease when grown in the lab for long periods of time
-still able to induce immunity to fowl cholera when injected into healthy birds
-Vaccination-purposely exposure to a killed or weakened microbe in order to induce an immune response

Question 17

Paul ehrlich (1908)

Answer 17

Noticed that certain dyes stained bacteria differently than they stained animal cells
Proposed that a chemical might be found that would harm disease causing microbes without harming the host
- selective toxicity - ability of the drug to targets sites that are relative specific to the microorganism responsible for infection. Sometimes these sites are unique to the microorganism or simply more essential to survival of the microorganism than to the host.

Question 18

This scientist eventually discovered salvarsan which is an arsenic derivative that could be used to treat syphilis (beginning of chemo)

Answer 18

Paul Ehrlich (1908)

Question 19

Defined selective toxicity

Answer 19

ability of the drug to target sites that are relative to the microorganism responsible for infection. Sometimes these sites are unique to the microorganism or simply more essential to survival of the microorganism than to the host.

Question 20

He noticed that mold inhibited bacterial growth on contaminated plates

Answer 20

Alexander Fleming

Question 21

Name Alexander Fleming’s contribution in 1928

Answer 21

produced a natural compound called penicillin
- the first antibiotic
- an antimicrobial chemical produced naturally by bacteria or fungi

Question 22

Carl Linnaeus (1674-1748)

Answer 22

naming system for microorganisms
Ex: species name
- genus and species are latinized
-always written in italics or underlined