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microbiology > chapter 5 (control of microbial growth) > Flashcards

chapter 5 (control of microbial growth) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sterilization

A

absolute removal or destruction of all microorganisms and viruses (kills all spores)

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2
Q

what kills all spores?

A

sterilization

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3
Q

what kills all spores?

A

sterilization

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4
Q

disinfection, name an example

A

destruction of most bacteria including pathogens but does not kill all microbes
example would be chemical disinfectants

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5
Q

antisepsis , what is another way of saying it

A

(antiseptic), disinfection of skin or living tissue (less harmful compound) , normally using less harsh treatments (chemicals)

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6
Q

degerming, and name an example

A

removal of most microbes from a limited area, such as washing hands with soap and water

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7
Q

sanitization

A

lowering microbial counts to a safe level to meet public health standards

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8
Q

a little debrief
name all the terms and define what they mean

A
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9
Q

cidal vs. static/statis what does it mean

A

cidal means killing, and static means stop

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10
Q

a bacteriodical agent ___ the bacteria

A

kills

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11
Q

a bacteriostatic agent ___ bacteria from reproducing

A

stops

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12
Q

what does asepsis (aseptic) mean?

A

an area is a free significant contamination

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13
Q

modern surgical techniques are aseptic to minimize infection

A

asepsis/septic

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14
Q

kills microbes by destroying enzymes

A

bacteriocidal (germicidal)

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15
Q

boiling is an example of what?

A

this is an example of disinfection, not sterilization why? because most pathogenic bacteria are killed but not all endospores and most viruses are killed again but not all

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16
Q

explain pasteurization

A

sufficient to eliminate pathogens and to lower microbial numbers to slow spoilage.

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17
Q

what is a classic treatment for pausterization

A

mild treatment which is 63 for 30 minutes

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18
Q

what is the HST for pausterization (high temperature short time)

A

72 for 15 seconds

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19
Q

what is the UHT (ultra high temperature) for pasteurization, and what does it do?

A

140 for 3 seconds, it destroys all microorganisms that can grow under normal storage conditions

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20
Q

employs pressure (15 psi) and steam (121)

A

this isautocalve it kills all endospores in about 15 min. , best mothod for sterilization

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21
Q

what is the best method for sterilization

A

autoclave

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22
Q

autoclave and name what it is used for, or what it contributes

A

used for :
culture media
hospital instruments
hospital materials that can withstand heat and moisture
requires that all solid surfaces are exposed to steam
all liquids must reach a temperature of 121.

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23
Q

dry heat sterilization- several methods:
what are they?

A

direct flaming
incineration
hot air sterilization

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24
Q

used in microbiology laboratory to sterilize innocuation needles and loops

A

direct flaming

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25
Q

direct flaming, define it

A

used in microbiology laboratory to sterilize inoculation needles and loops, metallic must be red hot

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26
Q

effective way to dispose contaminated materials

A

incineration

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27
Q

define incineration

A

effective way to dispose of contaminated materials

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28
Q

drying oven

A

hot air sterilization

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29
Q

materials should stay at 170 for 2 hours in hot air sterilization. True or false

A

true

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30
Q

this is used for dry materials that are not temperature sensitive, name examples

A

hot air sterilization glassware, and some dry chemicals

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31
Q

define filtration

A

vacuum used to force liquid through filter with very small pores- 0.1 um ,0.22 um, or 0.45 um

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32
Q

this is used to sterilize temperature sensitive liquids such as antibiotics enzymes some vaccines

A

filtration

33
Q

high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters

A

air filtration

34
Q

this is used in operating room, air come inside the room

A

air filtration

35
Q

this is used in some operating rooms to remove all microbes larger than 0.3 um.

A

air filtration

36
Q

this has the ability to slows or slow growth microbial growth, is it bacteriostatic, germistatic, bacteriocidal, germicdial

A

refrigeration, and bacteriostatic & germistatic

37
Q

stops microbial growth, is it bacteriostatic, germistatic, bacteriocidal, germicidial

A

freezing, bacteriostatic

38
Q

name some characteristics of high pressure, in terms of liquid suspensions, bacterial cells, is it sterilization?

A

liquid suspensions treated with high pressure
may kill many bacterial cells- bacteriocidal, and this is not sterilization

39
Q

define dessication

A

removal of water (drying)
- slows or stop growth-usually does not kill microbes-bacteriostatic

40
Q

high concentration of salts and sugars

A

hypertonic environment

41
Q

Answer the following question:
can osmotic kill all bacteria or just some bacteria, and name what it is in terms of static or cidal

A

it can only can kill some bacteria,and it is called bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal

42
Q

what destroys the dna ?

A

radiation destroys the dna

43
Q

x rays and gama rays _____ materials

A

penetrate

44
Q

uv and high energy electron beams are not used on surfaces

A

false, they are use on surfaces

45
Q

describe the characteristics of a microwave

A

do not kill microorganisms directly, they heat water, and if high temperature is used it can disinfect materials.

46
Q

chemicals most can only be used for ______ and not ____

A

disinfection but not sterilization

47
Q

define the disk diffusion method

A

disk of filter paper soaked in chemical disinfectant
placed on agar plate that has already been inoculated with bacteria
the plate is incubated until bacteria grow
zone of clearing determined effectiveness

48
Q

Phenolic compounds (Phenols)

A

disrupt plasma membranes, denature protiens-bacteriocidal
very effective, remain active long after application
suitable for disinfection of soiled surfaces (ex.saliva, pus,and feces)
often mixed with other compounds to reduce toxicity

49
Q

name some examples of phenols

A

original formulations of lysol
hexachlorophene - useful against bacteria that cause skin infections in new borns

50
Q

useful against bacteria that cause skin infections in new borns , can be sued to disinfect surfaces in nursaries and caution must be used-causes neurologicla disorders

A

hexachlorophene

51
Q

triclosan

A

used in some personal hygiene products -cosmetics and deodorant soaps

52
Q

biguanides:
define what chlorhexidine

A

attacks plasma membrane- bacteriocidal
-to control microbes on skin and mucous membranes
used in surgical hand scrubs, can persist for up to 6 hours
only kills some viruses, does not destroy endospores.

53
Q

define halogens

A

destroy proteins and membranes and used as disinfectants and antiseptics.

54
Q

define what chlorine means and its contributions to the bacterial growth

A

forms hypochlorous acid in water-strong oxidizing agent- denatures enzymes
examples : household bleach- excellent disinfectant
chlorine dioxide -sterilizing gas

55
Q

frequently used as an antiseptic, and include some examples:

A

tinture of iodine - in an alcohol solution
iodophore-linked to carrier molecule so that is released slowly over time
ex: betadine- used as antiseptic on skin

56
Q

define 5 characteristics of alcohol

A

denatures proteins, disrupt membranes
kills bacteria and fungi
does not kill endospores and some viruses
acts quickly and evaporates
often used to disinfect surfaces in a lab, or degerm skin.

57
Q

true or false. does alcohol usually suffice as an adequate antiseptic, and if compound to other chemicals it does not enhance effectiveness ?

A

false, it does not suffice an adequate antiseptic, however if mixed with other compound it enhance effectiveness.

58
Q

what are the two types of alcohol used ?

A

ethanol and isopropanol

59
Q

ethanol is how many percent effective?

A

70 percent effective

60
Q

isopropanol is used as a

A

rubbing alcohol

61
Q

what types of metals can inhibit the process of microbes?

A

copper, zinc, silver, and mercury

62
Q

describe silver nitrate and what’s it contribution

A

used as eye drops for new born infants to protect against gonorrhoeal ophthalmia

63
Q

define silver sulfadiazine

A

topical cream for burns

64
Q

____ incorporated into bandages and catheters to ______ of microbes

A

silver ions , slow growth

65
Q

define copper sulfate

A

used to inhibit algae in resorvoirs

66
Q

define mercuric chloride

A

used to paint to control mildew (toxic)

67
Q

define zinc chloride

A

used an antiseptic in mouthwash

68
Q

regular soaps and detergent

A

does not work as disinfectants or antiseptics
important in mechanical removal of microbes

69
Q

what does soap and water do in terms of washing your hands

A

soap breaks up the oily deposits and film on skin. Water can then wash these deposits away along with microbes

70
Q

regular soaps and detergents works as

A

degerming the skin

71
Q

Quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats):
Cationic detergents-

A

kill most bacteria, fungi, and some viruses
do not kill endospores
do not kill some gram negative bacteria

72
Q

quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats): define a characteristic.

A

strongly antimicrobial, odorless, tasteless, colorless, and no toxic at low concentrations

ex: cepacol used as mouthwash

73
Q

define if the statement is true:
some gram negative bacteria not only survive- but grow well in Quats

pseudomonas aeruginosa- causes what?

A

True, this statement is correct

pseudomonas aeruginosa cause of burn infections

74
Q

what does gaseous chemosterilizers mean?

A

chemical gasses used for sterilization

75
Q

what is ethylene oxide ?

A

ethylene oxide is a type of sterilization for chemical gases, it denatures proteins = germicidal
it also kills all microbes such as endospores and viruses

76
Q

does ethylene oxide require 4-18 hours of exposure, and is it a fact that it is not highly penetrating-cannot pass through plastics?

A

false. although it requires 4-18 of exposure, it does allow passing through plastics

77
Q

can ethylene oxide be used to sterilize disposable hospital equipment and lab supplies?

A

yes it can be used

78
Q

name some examples of ethylene oxide

A

plastic tubing
disposable swabs

79
Q

oxidizing agents are:
hydrogen peroxide
ozone
benzoyl peroxide, name what they all do and their function

A

oxidize and denature proteins
useful against anaerobic organims
hydrogen peroxide- common antiseptic for wounds
ozone-used with chlorine to disinfect water
benzoyl peroxide- used an antiseptic on skin
- kills anaerobic bacteria living in tissues
ex: bacteria that cause acne

microbiology (27 decks)

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