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microbiology > chapter 14 practical applications of immunology (diana's version) > Flashcards

chapter 14 practical applications of immunology (diana's version) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

vaccines are either :

A

a suspension of whole organisms or
portions of organisms (antigens)

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2
Q

stimulate an immune response without causing disease

A

vaccine

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3
Q

the immune system produces memory cells to the specific antigen

A

vaccines

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4
Q

name the characteristics of vaccine

A

stimulate an immune response without causing disease

the immune system produces memory cells to the specific antigen

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5
Q

why are vaccines needed?

A

many communicable diseases can be controlled by behavioural or environmental methods

example : sexually transmitted infections can be controlled by condom use or abstinence cholera can be controlled by proper sanitation

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6
Q

when methods fail in avoidance, you can …

A

bacterial disease can be treated with antibiotics
viral diseases generally cannot be cured

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7
Q

______ are the best way to control diseases for which there is no cure

A

vaccines

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8
Q

types of vaccines:
1.attenuated whole agent vaccines

these vaccines use weakened living microbes
and why are they weakened?

A

this is true, and they are weakened because of a mutation that that has been introduced

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9
Q

what is an example of attenuated whole agent vaccines

A

an example would be a virus that can adsorb, penetrate and uncoat but cannot reproduce

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10
Q

what mimics closely to an actual infection as a vaccine?

A

attenuated whole agent vaccine

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11
Q

attenuated whole agent vaccine stimulate both a _______ response and _____ response

A

cell mediated response (T cell)
antibody response (B cell)

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12
Q

what type of vaccines often confers a life long immunity ?

A

attenuated whole agent vaccine ( measles, mumps, rubella, varicella)

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13
Q

true or false live attenuated vaccines have a risk factor?

A

yes they do have a risk factor, the virus bacterium may revert back to the original pathogenic form

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14
Q

live attenuated vaccines can be dangerous to who?

A

to immunocompromised patients (AIDS), pregnant women
the organism may still be able to cause disease

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15
Q

what is the second type of vaccine in the notes?

A

inactive whole agent vaccine

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16
Q

describe what inactive whole gent vaccines means

A

these vaccines use whole agents that have been killed for example : viruses : rabies, influenza ,polio
: bacteria - vibrio cholera

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17
Q

what is the type of disease that is very consistent and does not need a booster unlike SARS covid 2 (coronavirus)

A

small pox

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18
Q

this appears to be on outside ( and appears to be dangerous virus), however it has lost its infectious agent

A

this is called a inactive whole agent vaccine

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19
Q

inactive whole agent vaccines are exogenous or endogenous?

A

exogenous

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20
Q

this is a type of vaccine that looks like the toxin, but it’s not (no longer infectious)

A

toxoid

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21
Q

characteristics of toxoid:

A

inactivated toxins
made from purified proteins

22
Q

____ cannot behave like a cytotoxin & memory B cell will activate activate and pump out (secondary responses) to protect you

A

toxoid

23
Q

true or false. In a toxoid vaccine, you are not protected against the bacteria but protected against the toxin

A

true

24
Q

the immune response acts against toxoid

A

stimulates the antibody mediated response only
usually requires a series of injections for full immunity (immunity does not last long)

25
Q

name an example for how the immune response acts against the toxoid

A

immunity conferred by the DTaP vaccine (Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)
requires a booster shot every ten years

26
Q

this vaccine contains a purified components from viruses or bacteria (the antigens are most likely to induce an immune response)

A

this is called a subunit vaccine

27
Q

can subunit stimulates both antibody and cell mediated response?

A

no it can only stimulate, antibody mediated response

28
Q

what are some examples of subunit vaccines?

A

streptoccous pneumoniae
purified capsule polysaccharide
pneumoshot: protects against pneumonia

hepatits B
viral coat proteins are produced by genetically modified yeast

29
Q

what are known to be extremely safe vaccines: the disease causing agent is not present

A

subunit vaccines

30
Q

this consist of purified polysaccharide

A

streptoccous pneumoniae (pneumoshot)

31
Q

pieces of virus, the memory is there and done in the safe way

A

hepatits B ( viral coat proteins are produced genetically modified yeast)

32
Q

True or false. Children’s immune systems do not respond tp capsular polysaccharide?

A

true

33
Q

In a what vaccine is a polysaccharide antigen is combined with a protein antigen-resulting in a stronger immune response?

A

conjugated vaccine

34
Q

Haemophilus influenza capsule combined with diptheria toxoid can what

A

can induced an immune response in children as young as 2 months

35
Q

when you ____- it’s bigger and get protection against two things

A

conjugate

36
Q

name the characteristics for conjugated vaccines

A

children’s immune systems do not respond to capsular polysaccharide

a polysaccharide antigen is combined with a protein antigen resulting in a stronger immune respond

37
Q

are vaccines safe?

A

in a very rare cases vaccines may cause the disease that they are designed to prevent (live attenuated)

38
Q

abnormal cells you kill them with what?

A

cell mediated response

39
Q

herd immunity is something you want to….

A

to reserve for people who cannot get vaccine

40
Q

people who have been vaccinated still have a reduced chance of contracting disease

A

herd immunity

41
Q

this most often occurs for viruses with only a human resorvoir

A

herd immunity

42
Q

true or false.
if the herd does not carry the disease (because of the vaccination) then non-immunized individuals cannot get the disease

the result: any parents choose not to have their children vaccinated

A

true

43
Q

what is the problem of people not getting their children vaccinated

A

they probably never actually seen a case of polio or measles

44
Q

99% of mild cases have only mild symptoms , 1% of cases result in paralytic poliomyelitis

A

polio

45
Q

the extremities can be permanently crippled

A

polio

46
Q

respiratory muscles can be paralyzed causing death

A

polio

47
Q

what are the characteristics of polio

A

99% of mild cases have only mild symptoms
* 1% of cases result in paralytic poliomyelitis
* The extremities can be permanently crippled
* Respiratory muscles can be paralyzed causing death

48
Q

this is a respiratory infection and patients develop a characteristic rash

A

measles

49
Q

what is the late complication resultant of measles?

A

subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis

50
Q

worldwide ___ kills approx. 1 million and what are they usually?

A

measles, and they are usually children

51
Q

this is a fecal oral virus transmitted with food or water

A

polio and measles

microbiology (27 decks)

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