chapter 14 practical applications of immunology (diana's version) Flashcards
vaccines are either :
a suspension of whole organisms or
portions of organisms (antigens)
stimulate an immune response without causing disease
vaccine
the immune system produces memory cells to the specific antigen
vaccines
name the characteristics of vaccine
stimulate an immune response without causing disease
the immune system produces memory cells to the specific antigen
why are vaccines needed?
many communicable diseases can be controlled by behavioural or environmental methods
example : sexually transmitted infections can be controlled by condom use or abstinence cholera can be controlled by proper sanitation
when methods fail in avoidance, you can …
bacterial disease can be treated with antibiotics
viral diseases generally cannot be cured
______ are the best way to control diseases for which there is no cure
vaccines
types of vaccines:
1.attenuated whole agent vaccines
these vaccines use weakened living microbes
and why are they weakened?
this is true, and they are weakened because of a mutation that that has been introduced
what is an example of attenuated whole agent vaccines
an example would be a virus that can adsorb, penetrate and uncoat but cannot reproduce
what mimics closely to an actual infection as a vaccine?
attenuated whole agent vaccine
attenuated whole agent vaccine stimulate both a _______ response and _____ response
cell mediated response (T cell)
antibody response (B cell)
what type of vaccines often confers a life long immunity ?
attenuated whole agent vaccine ( measles, mumps, rubella, varicella)
true or false live attenuated vaccines have a risk factor?
yes they do have a risk factor, the virus bacterium may revert back to the original pathogenic form
live attenuated vaccines can be dangerous to who?
to immunocompromised patients (AIDS), pregnant women
the organism may still be able to cause disease
what is the second type of vaccine in the notes?
inactive whole agent vaccine
describe what inactive whole gent vaccines means
these vaccines use whole agents that have been killed for example : viruses : rabies, influenza ,polio
: bacteria - vibrio cholera
what is the type of disease that is very consistent and does not need a booster unlike SARS covid 2 (coronavirus)
small pox
this appears to be on outside ( and appears to be dangerous virus), however it has lost its infectious agent
this is called a inactive whole agent vaccine
inactive whole agent vaccines are exogenous or endogenous?
exogenous
this is a type of vaccine that looks like the toxin, but it’s not (no longer infectious)
toxoid
characteristics of toxoid:
inactivated toxins
made from purified proteins
____ cannot behave like a cytotoxin & memory B cell will activate activate and pump out (secondary responses) to protect you
toxoid
true or false. In a toxoid vaccine, you are not protected against the bacteria but protected against the toxin
true
the immune response acts against toxoid
stimulates the antibody mediated response only
usually requires a series of injections for full immunity (immunity does not last long)
name an example for how the immune response acts against the toxoid
immunity conferred by the DTaP vaccine (Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)
requires a booster shot every ten years
this vaccine contains a purified components from viruses or bacteria (the antigens are most likely to induce an immune response)
this is called a subunit vaccine
can subunit stimulates both antibody and cell mediated response?
no it can only stimulate, antibody mediated response
what are some examples of subunit vaccines?
streptoccous pneumoniae
purified capsule polysaccharide
pneumoshot: protects against pneumonia
hepatits B
viral coat proteins are produced by genetically modified yeast
what are known to be extremely safe vaccines: the disease causing agent is not present
subunit vaccines
this consist of purified polysaccharide
streptoccous pneumoniae (pneumoshot)
pieces of virus, the memory is there and done in the safe way
hepatits B ( viral coat proteins are produced genetically modified yeast)
True or false. Children’s immune systems do not respond tp capsular polysaccharide?
true
In a what vaccine is a polysaccharide antigen is combined with a protein antigen-resulting in a stronger immune response?
conjugated vaccine
Haemophilus influenza capsule combined with diptheria toxoid can what
can induced an immune response in children as young as 2 months
when you ____- it’s bigger and get protection against two things
conjugate
name the characteristics for conjugated vaccines
children’s immune systems do not respond to capsular polysaccharide
a polysaccharide antigen is combined with a protein antigen resulting in a stronger immune respond
are vaccines safe?
in a very rare cases vaccines may cause the disease that they are designed to prevent (live attenuated)
abnormal cells you kill them with what?
cell mediated response
herd immunity is something you want to….
to reserve for people who cannot get vaccine
people who have been vaccinated still have a reduced chance of contracting disease
herd immunity
this most often occurs for viruses with only a human resorvoir
herd immunity
true or false.
if the herd does not carry the disease (because of the vaccination) then non-immunized individuals cannot get the disease
the result: any parents choose not to have their children vaccinated
true
what is the problem of people not getting their children vaccinated
they probably never actually seen a case of polio or measles
99% of mild cases have only mild symptoms , 1% of cases result in paralytic poliomyelitis
polio
the extremities can be permanently crippled
polio
respiratory muscles can be paralyzed causing death
polio
what are the characteristics of polio
99% of mild cases have only mild symptoms
* 1% of cases result in paralytic poliomyelitis
* The extremities can be permanently crippled
* Respiratory muscles can be paralyzed causing death
this is a respiratory infection and patients develop a characteristic rash
measles
what is the late complication resultant of measles?
subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis
worldwide ___ kills approx. 1 million and what are they usually?
measles, and they are usually children
this is a fecal oral virus transmitted with food or water
polio and measles
