Chapter 8: Varieties of American Nationalism

Question 1

Factor System

Answer 1

Brinkley pg 223

• In 1815 the government erected a chain of forts along the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi to protect the frontier
• This created a “factor” system by which government factors (agents) supplied tribes with goods at a cost
• This drove Canadian traders out of the region and created a system of dependency that made Native Americans easier to control

Question 2

The Adams-Onis Treaty

Answer 2

Brinkley Pg.227

• John Quincy Adams, the secretary of state, began negotiations with the Spanish Minister Luis de Onis in 1817 over the territory of Florida
• Frightened by the events of the Seminole War, where Andrew Jackson indicated the ease with which the US could seize Florida, Spain ceded the territory and gave up claim to the land north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest
• The United States, in return, let go of claims to Texas

Question 3

Protective tariff of 1816

Answer 3

1. ) America, 1816
2. ) Law that effectively limited commercial competition from abroad
3. ) Dealt with range of items, most importantly being cotton cloth
4. ) As a result, agricultural workers had to pay higher taxes for manufactured goods
5. ) Came at the end of the war with Britain, when British ships returned to America and competed with weak local American businesses

Question 4

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 4

1. 1819
2. Marshall confirmed the “implied power” of Congress having authority and jurisdiction over the state governments
3. Marshall did so by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
4. The case stemmed from anti-US Bank actions of southern and western states trying to drive out the bank from their states
5. The case presented two constitutional questions: Could Congress charter a bank? And if so, could individual states ban it or tax it?
6. The “necessary and proper” clause of the constitution was used to end the states’ taxation of the Bank of the United States

Question 5

Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer 5

1. 1824
2. The Supreme Court strengthened Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce
3. It was a fight between two New York ferry operators one of which (Ogden) had a ferry monopoly granted by the state of New York and the other (Gibbons) who had a license granted from an act of Congress.
4. Marshall ruled that Congress had a higher authority on interstate commerce over the states’ governments, such as New York. Thus, Ogden’s state-granted monopoly was declared void.

Question 6

Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer 6

1. 1824

2. The Supreme Court strengthened Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce.

Question 7

“Internal Improvements”

Answer 7

Brinkley Pgs. 222-223

1) A bill was presented by Representative John C. Calhoun that was to have used the funds owed the government by the Bank of the United States to finance these improvements.
2) Calhoun wanted to unite the republic through a “perfect system of roads and canal”.
3) This internal improvement bill was passed by Congress, but vetoed by President Madison on his last day in office in 1817
4) Madison claimed to support the ides of the bill, but believed that Congress didn’t have enough authority to fund these improvements without a constitutional amendment.

Question 8

Tariff of abominations

Answer 8

Brinkley Pg. 233

1) A new tariff on imported goods was passed in 1828 from demands made by Massachusetts and Rhode Island woolen manufacturers, who claimed the British were offering textiles in American markets at incredibly low prices.
2) Administration had to accept duty on other items to gain the support of middle and western states.
3) This alienated the original New England supporters because now they had to weigh the gain of protection of their manufactured goods with the factor of having to pay more for raw materials.
4) Adams signed the bill, causing the anger of the southerners who referred to it as the “tariff of abominations”.

Question 9

Corrupt Bargain

Answer 9

1. ) Presidential election, 1824
2. ) Out of the candidates Jackson, Adams, Crawford, and Clay, none received a majority vote, an thus it was left to the House of Representatives to determine the president out of the top three candidates
3. ) Henry Clay was out of the running but supported Adams, and as a result Adams was selected a president even though Jackson received the most popular votes
4. ) After the election Clay was selected as Secretary of State, suggesting a “corrupt bargain” between Clay and Adams
5. ) Significant because established public discontent with president early on and made it more difficult for Adams to implement his policies

Question 10

2nd National Bank

Answer 10

1) Chartered in 1816
2) Had more capital than the first National Bank
3) Could not forbid state governments to issue currency, but it was able to dominate the state banks through its size and power.

Brinkley 220

Question 11

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 11

Brinkley 231

1) In 1823
2) mainly the work of John Q. Adams
3) Was a policy that made it so the European country’s could not colonize in the American Continents
4) Did not interfere with any of Europe’s internal powers
5) Had very little immediate effects but would help as an expression of the growing spirit and Nationalism in the US

Question 12

Caucus System

Answer 12

Brinkley 242

1) was a process they believed worked to restrict access to the office to those favored by entrenched elites
2) Jackson himself avoided this process in 1828
3) In 1832 a national party convention was held in which they declared that power should not arise from the aristocratic political institutions but from the people themselves.

Question 13

Stephen Long

Answer 13

1. In 1819 and 1820.
2. He was instructed to find the head waters of the Red River and map his travels.
   3.Took 19 soldiers up through what is now Nebraska and Colorado and came back down through what is now Kansas.
3. He failed to find the headwaters, but wrote a report that included the potential for future settlement.
   5.Called the Great Plains the Great American Desert.
   Brinkley 225

Question 14

The Panic of 1819

Answer 14

1) From 1819 to 1821
2) It was one of the first finical crises in the United States which was followed with about three years of fluctuations in the economy.
3) The Panic showed signs of Americas developing dynamic economy, separate from that of Europe’s.
4) It created more resentment towards banks and businesses while exposing the flawed economic policies of the federal government.
5) The begging of the Panic of 1819 marked the end of “The era of good feelings”

Question 15

Federal Primacy

Answer 15

1) Federal Government over the states in regulating the economy
2) Increased Federal role in promoting economic growth
3) Protected private institutions/corporations from local interference
4) Highly Nationalistic ideas
5) Promoted growth of a strong, unified, and economically developed United States

Question 16

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Answer 16

1) Court invalidated Georgia laws that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee Country
2) Consolidated federal authority over the states and tribes
3) Tribes became sovereign entities

Question 17

James Monroe

Answer 17

pg. 226-232
1816 became 4th president
-last of Virginia Dynasty
61 when came into office at favorable times: 
-decline of federalists
-after war of 1812
-nation not facing immediate threats
ruled through:
-panic of 1819
-Missouri compromise
-corrupt bargain 
ran for reelection unopposed in 1820
Was succeeded by his Secretary of state, John Quincy Adams in 1824.

Question 18

“Era of Good Feelings”

Answer 18

pg. 227-228
1800-1819
During Monroe presidency
Ended after Panic of 1819
believed to show lots of Nationalism, false more Sectionalism seen

Question 19

Mountain Men

Answer 19

• fur traders and trappers
• hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other regions of the US
• trading in the Far West even though there were few of them
• developed important relationships with the existing residents of the West
• men where mostly white, young, and single

Question 20

Black Belt

Answer 20

• region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves
• stretched from South Carolina across to Louisiana.
• emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west
• was dependent on the growth of cotton as a cash crop and upon slave labor