Chapter 7

Question 1

Compensation

Answer 1

adjustments that the body makes to correct imbalances, and it relies on a constant supply of energy.

-when the body cannot compensate for imbalances, cells, organs, and organ systems die

-

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

Steady state environment which allows the body to grow, heal, and to carry out the normal functions necessary to live life

Question 3

Pathophysiology

Answer 3

the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body.

-using pathophysiology to better understand how a particular challenge affects the body’s most essential functions, and how the body will react to an injury or illness

Question 4

cell membrane

Answer 4

protects and selectively allows water and other substances in and out of the cell

Question 5

cell nucleus

Answer 5

-contains DNA (the genetic blueprint for cellular reproductions

Question 6

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

plays a key role in synthesizing protiens

Question 7

mitochondria

Answer 7

produces a large majority of energy for the cell

Question 8

sodium potassium pump

Answer 8

• The process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrance is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy.

Question 9

Water and the cell

Answer 9

• without enough water the cell will dehydrate and die

- with too much water, basic cellular functions will be disrupted

Question 10

electrolytes

Answer 10

when dissolved in water, separate into charged particles

• potasium
• sodium
• magnesium

Question 11

Glucose

Answer 11

a simple sugar used for ATP along with oxygen

Levels of glucose and insulin are controlled by the body endocrine system

Question 12

diffusion

Answer 12

the process moves oxygen across the thin membrane from the aveoili to the capillaries

Question 13

removal of carbon dioxide

Answer 13

helps regulate the acid levels in the body

Question 14

amount of oxygen in each inhalation

Answer 14

21%

Question 15

FiO2

Answer 15

fraction of inspired oxygen: the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe

Question 16

patent

Answer 16

• free from obstruction

- open and clear

Question 17

tidal volume

Answer 17

the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

Question 18

minute volume

Answer 18

the tidal volume multiplied by the number of breaths taken per minute

Question 19

dead air space

Answer 19

air that occupies the space between the mouth and aveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

Question 20

medulla oblongata

Answer 20

the seat for respiratory control

Question 21

disruption of lung tissue

Answer 21

when lung tissue is displaced or destroyed by mechanical force it cannot exchange gas.

Question 22

Congestive heart failure & severe sepsis

Answer 22

changes the ability of the aveoli to transfer gasses across their membranes.

Question 23

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 23

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

Question 24

liver failure patients

Answer 24

often do not produce enough albumin

Question 25

Upper airway

Answer 25

• Nose
• mouth
• throat

Question 26

Lower airway

Answer 26

-larynx and down

Question 27

stretch receptors

Answer 27

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

Question 28

loss of tone (blood vessel dysfunction)

Answer 28

a major problem occurs when blood vessels loose their inability to control their diameter.

Question 29

excessive permeability

Answer 29

when blood vessels are overly permeable or leaky allowing too much fluid to leak out of their walls and fill the space in the tissue and around the aveoli. thus not allowing gas exchange to occur

Question 30

hypertension

Answer 30

the abnormal constriction of peripheral blood vessels causing too much pressure.

Question 31

SVR

Answer 31

systemic vascular resistance

-the pressure inside the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system

Question 32

stroke volume

Answer 32

the amount of blood ejected from the heart into the system from one heart contraction

Question 33

cardiac output

Answer 33

stroke volume X beats per minute