Chapter 7 Flashcards
Compensation
adjustments that the body makes to correct imbalances, and it relies on a constant supply of energy.
-when the body cannot compensate for imbalances, cells, organs, and organ systems die
-
Homeostasis
Steady state environment which allows the body to grow, heal, and to carry out the normal functions necessary to live life
Pathophysiology
the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body.
-using pathophysiology to better understand how a particular challenge affects the body’s most essential functions, and how the body will react to an injury or illness
cell membrane
protects and selectively allows water and other substances in and out of the cell
cell nucleus
-contains DNA (the genetic blueprint for cellular reproductions
endoplasmic reticulum
plays a key role in synthesizing protiens
mitochondria
produces a large majority of energy for the cell
sodium potassium pump
- The process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrance is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy.
Water and the cell
- without enough water the cell will dehydrate and die
- with too much water, basic cellular functions will be disrupted
electrolytes
when dissolved in water, separate into charged particles
- potasium
- sodium
- magnesium
Glucose
a simple sugar used for ATP along with oxygen
Levels of glucose and insulin are controlled by the body endocrine system
diffusion
the process moves oxygen across the thin membrane from the aveoili to the capillaries
removal of carbon dioxide
helps regulate the acid levels in the body
amount of oxygen in each inhalation
21%
FiO2
fraction of inspired oxygen: the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe
patent
- free from obstruction
- open and clear
tidal volume
the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing
minute volume
the tidal volume multiplied by the number of breaths taken per minute
dead air space
air that occupies the space between the mouth and aveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange
medulla oblongata
the seat for respiratory control
disruption of lung tissue
when lung tissue is displaced or destroyed by mechanical force it cannot exchange gas.
Congestive heart failure & severe sepsis
changes the ability of the aveoli to transfer gasses across their membranes.
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel
liver failure patients
often do not produce enough albumin
Upper airway
- Nose
- mouth
- throat
Lower airway
-larynx and down
stretch receptors
sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure
loss of tone (blood vessel dysfunction)
a major problem occurs when blood vessels loose their inability to control their diameter.
excessive permeability
when blood vessels are overly permeable or leaky allowing too much fluid to leak out of their walls and fill the space in the tissue and around the aveoli. thus not allowing gas exchange to occur
hypertension
the abnormal constriction of peripheral blood vessels causing too much pressure.
SVR
systemic vascular resistance
-the pressure inside the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected from the heart into the system from one heart contraction
cardiac output
stroke volume X beats per minute
