Chapter 24

Question 1

hematology

Answer 1

the medical specialty concerned with blood disorders

Question 2

nephrology

Answer 2

the medical specialty concerned with renal/kidney diseases

Question 3

specific functions of blood that are crucial to survival

Answer 3

• control of bleeding by clotting
• delivery of oxygen to the cells
• removal of carbon dioxide from the cells
• removal and delivery of other waste products to organs that provide filtration and removal like kidney and liver.

Question 4

solid components of blood

Answer 4

• white blood cells
• red blood cells
• platelets

(suspended in liquid called plasma)
-created in the bone marrow

Question 5

RBC,LBC, and platelets life span

Answer 5

is not forever. they go through a cycle of usage and removal through filtration and waste

Question 6

clumping of platelets

Answer 6

-aggregation

• when platelets clump together they begin to form clots
• clots are the body way of stopping bleeding

prevented by aspirin (prevents clumping of platelets)

Question 7

aspirin prevents_____?

Answer 7

clumping (clotting) of platelets

Question 8

coagulopathy

Answer 8

loss of normal ability to form a clot with internal or external bleeding

Question 9

where are clotting factors produced?

Answer 9

in the liver

Question 10

poor clotting causes

Answer 10

• disease (cirrhosis)
• genetic disorders (hemophiliac)
• von willebrands disease (most common inherited blood disorder) 1 in 1000

Question 11

von whiles disease

Answer 11

most common inherited blood disorder

• 1 in 1000
• sufficient amount of platelets, but they are ineffective
• upon injury, patients bleed excessively

Question 12

blood thinners

Answer 12

warfin
dabigatran
apixaban
rivaroxaban
enoxaparin

-these drugs prevent clotting factors

Question 13

platelet inhibitor

Answer 13

placid, and aspirin

inhibit platelet aggression

Question 14

acute anemia

Answer 14

may be the result of trauma or of sudden massive bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract

-these patients may exhibit signs and symptoms of shock. (tachycardia, diaphoretic, hypotension

Question 15

chronic anemia

Answer 15

occurs over time, makes patients more pale than normal

• often shortness of breath, and fatigue
• one of the best ways to examine the color of the eyelids (junctiva on lower eyelid)

Question 16

sickle cell anemia (SCA)

Answer 16

inherited disease, creates an abnormal red blood cells

-most common in african american
(also occurs in middle eastern, and indian)

• defective hemogloin
• severe pain in arms, legs, chest or abdomen

1 in 12 african americans are effected by SCA

Question 17

Spleen blockages

Answer 17

often caused by SCA

Question 18

jaundice

Answer 18

when liver becomes overwhelmed by the breakdown in RBC, resulting a yellowish pigmentation of body tissues

Question 19

kidneys

Answer 19

in charge of filtering blood and the removal of certain waste products, excessive salts, and excessive fluid.

Question 20

urinary tract infection

Answer 20

can be deadly in the older crowd, if bacteria spread into the blood stream

• most common disease that afflicts the renal and urinary system.
• left un checked it can move up to the kidney causing pyelonephritis

Question 21

pyelonephritis

Answer 21

infection of the kidney that was caused by an un attended UTI. if left unchecked it can enter the blood stream and cause death.

Question 22

renal failure

Answer 22

loss of kidneys ability to filter blood and remove toxins from the body

• this is the most serious kidney disease.
• acute renal failure
• chronic renal failure

Question 23

acute renal failure

Answer 23

can occur because of shock, toxic ingestion, and other causes

-if this is caught early, normal kidney functions could be returned to normal

Question 24

chronic renal failure

Answer 24

can include inherited diseases like polycystic kidney disease

Question 25

end stage renal disease (ERSD)

Answer 25

when the renal system can no longer filtrate, and balance fluid to sustain life, they are then called ESRD
roughly 900,000 americans are treated for ESRD
400,000 are chronic dialysis with 3 treatments per week
-require dialysis
more than 90% get hemodialysis at outpatient centers, rather than peritoneal dialysis

-only 8% of ERSD patients treat themselves at home

Question 26

dialysis 2 types

Answer 26

-hemodialysis (HD) blood is ran through a machine that filters and removes toxins from blood.

-peritoneal dialysis (PD) usually done in patients own home, and is normally a lengthy process which require multiple treatments.
(also the most common form of dialysis in the world outside of the USA and canada)

Question 27

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 27

2 forms

• continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
• continuous cycler-assisted peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)

Question 28

CAPD dialysis

Answer 28

the most common form of PD
-fluid is left in the peritoneal cavity for 4-6 hours. the catheter is clamped and then exchanged several times a day

-using gravity to feed the fluids to exchange

Question 29

CCPD dialysis

Answer 29

• uses the same type of catheter as CAPD, but rather than gravity exchange. a machine is used to cycle the fluids 3 to five times during the night. (while patient is sleeping)
• in the morning, the last exchange occurs and it will last the patient all day.

Question 30

most serious complications of ESRD

Answer 30

-when patients fail to get their treatments.
(bad weather, illness, and poor compliance are common reasons for missing treatment)

-without the ability to rid the body of excess fluid, patients who miss their treatment can show signs similar to CHF congestive heart failure. (swelling and shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs)

• can experience dysrhythmia
• cannot balance electrolytes and toxins

Question 31

complications of dialysis

Answer 31

• bleeding from the A-V fistula
• clotting and loss of function of the A-V fistula
• bacterial infection of the blood due to contamination of the A-V fistula.

(most common complication is acute peritonitis)

Question 32

acute peritonitis

Answer 32

a bacterial infection within the peritoneal cavity

Question 33

kidney transplant

Answer 33

kidneys are the most transplanted organs. patients with endstage renal disease may be candidates for transplant

• roughly 16,000 kidney transplants in US per year.
• patients with kidney transplants spend the rest of their life on immune depressant (preventing organ rejection medications)

Question 34

how many americans are on dialysis?

Answer 34

400,000