Chapter 17 respiratory emergencies Flashcards
inspiration
an active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into lungs
(inhalation)
expiration
(exhaling)
contraindications
anatomic-physiologic
pathologic
anatomic-physiologic contraindications
-mental status so depressed that the patient can not protect their own airway
-lack of a normal respiratory rate
-spontaneous respiratory rate
-inability to sit up
-hypotention
-less than 90 mm gh
incapable to get and maintain a good mask seal
pathologic contraindications
- nausea
- vomitting
- penetrating chest trauma (particularly when pneumothorax is possible)
- shock
- upper gastrointestinal bleeding (or recent gastric surgery
- any conditions that would prevent a good mask seal
portable CPAP
relatively new -common uses are... edema drowning asthma COPD
in which there is fluid in the alveoli that can be pushed back into the capillaries
side effects of CPAP
less blood is able to return to the heart through veins
thus decreasing cardiac output
minimum blood pressure for CPAP usage
a blood pressure of at least 90mm hg
inadequate breathing
breathing that is un able to sustain life
never delay administering O2 when_____?
if patient is having difficulty breathing
patients with an O2 reading of 100% and difficulty breathing
should be administered O2 regardless of O2 saturation
work of breathing (labored breathing)
- retractions
- use of accessory muscles to breath
- flared nostrils
- pursed lips
- 1-2 word sentences would be considered dyspnea
stridor
high pitched sounds that is heard on inhalation (inspiration) upper airway sounds signaling an obstruction
can be heard without a stethoscope
wheezes
high pitched sounds that could seem somewhat musical
common in asthma and COPD like emphysema and chronic bronchitis
-heard during exhalation (signaling a lower airway obstruction)
crackles
fine crackling or bubles heard during inhalation. caused by fluid in the alveoli, or of the opening of closed alveoli
(also known as rales)
rhonchi
lower pitched sounds that resemble snoring or rattling.
caused by secretions in larger airways like pneumonia or bronchitis. (or when material is aspirated into lungs)
generally louder than crackles
emphysema
walls of the alveoli break down, greatly reducing the surface area for respiratory exchange.
the lungs begin to loose elasticity.
asthma
attacks can be brought on by
- insect stings
- air pollution
- infection
- exercise
pulmonary edema
patients with congestive heart failure may experience difficulty breathing because of fluid that accumulates in the lungs, preventing them from breathing adequately
-abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs
CHF (congestive heart failure)
patients with CHF often have a both sided heat failure.
-CHF patients might also have JVD, bulging of neck veins, and accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
-can overload the system and leak into the lungs. causing dyspnea
-signs
anxiety
diaphoretic
tachycardia
high BP
fast and labored respirations
low O2 saturation
CHF and pulmonary edema treatment
keep legs dangling to minimize the fluid pressures in the upper body.
high concentration O2 if the patient is breathing adequately
assisted ventilations if needed
CPAP is also effective to push fluid out from the lungs and back to into the capillaries. (where it belongs)
pneumonia
infection in one or both lungs caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi.
symptoms of pneumonia
- coughing up mucus
- fever
- chest pain
- severe chills
on auscultation, crackles may be heard
treatment of pneumonia
EMT can administer O2 through CPAP
-anti biaotics can be given at the hospital
