Chapter 10 physiology & pathophysiology

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

breathing in and out/ artificial provision of breaths (assisted breathing)

Question 2

alveolar ventilation

Answer 2

the amount of air that reaches the alveoli

• can be altered through changes in rate, as well as changes in volume
• exceptionally fast rate of breaths will decrease minute volume and alveoli ventilation

Question 3

normal tidal volume

Answer 3

5-7 ml per kg of body weight

Question 4

minute volume

Answer 4

tidal volume X breaths per minute

-exceptionally fast rate of breaths will decrease minute volume and alveoli ventilation

Question 5

physiology of respiration

Answer 5

inhaled air fills the alveoli etc…

Question 6

COPD

Answer 6

-chronic obstructive pulmonary desease (COPD)

can reduce bronchial tubes to decrease in diameter and limit the amount of air that can flow through them.

Question 7

hemoglobin issues

Answer 7

when too little hemoglobin and body can become very acidic

• when hemoglobin fails oxygen cannot be transported

Question 8

high carbon dioxide

Answer 8

the respiratory system gets stimulated and breaths increase

Question 9

Cellular respiration

Answer 9

the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place between the cells and circulating blood is called cellular respiration.

Question 10

mechanics of breathing disrupted

Answer 10

• a patient stabbed in the chest, creates a second airway into the chest. this would not allow negative pressure to draw in air through the mouth and lungs (airway for respiration)
• a patient looses nervous control of respiration- a patient may loose the ability to transmit messages through the nerve tissue to instruct muscles for respiration
• a patient has airway problem like bronchoconstriction
  (asthma, COPD, can cause bronchial tubes to decrease in diameter and limit the amount of airflow.

Question 11

gas exchange interrupted

diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide can become impaired

Answer 11

low oxygen levels - low oxygen levels in the outside air such as in confined space rescue situations.

(simply not enough air to breath in)

diffusion problems - can limit the ability of alveoli to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

(here alveoli simply can’t perfuse the gasses)

Question 12

circulation issues

problems that prevent the blood from carrying enough oxygen to the body cells

Answer 12

Not enough blood (Hypovolemia would follow) - not enough blood to flow to the alveoli

perfusion cannot occur in this scenario

hemoglobin issues - respiration can be impaired if there is not enough hemoglobin (oxygen binding protein) in the blood. (diseases like anemia)

-can also be interrupted if the body PH is too acidic, hemoglobin may not be able to hold oxygen molecules

Question 13

External respiration

Answer 13

the exchange of gasses between the blood and alveoli

Question 14

internal respiration

Answer 14

the exchange of gasses between the blood and cells

Question 15

hypoxia

Answer 15

insufficiency of oxygen in the body tissue

Question 16

respiratory distress

Answer 16

increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath

Question 17

respiratory failure

Answer 17

the reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life

Question 18

respiratory arrest

Answer 18

when breathing completely stops

Question 19

inadequate breathing

Answer 19

the rate of breathing/depth of breathing falls outside of normal ranges.

if the patient continues to breath in this manner, he/she will eventually develop respiratory arrest and die.