Chapter 5: Lesson 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

human movement system (HMS)

A

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

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2
Q

kinetic chain

A

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

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4
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

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8
Q

Effector sites

A

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

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9
Q

Electrolytes

A

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

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10
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

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12
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

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13
Q

Efferent pathway

A

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

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16
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

17
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

20
Q

Sensory function

A

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

21
Q

Proprioception

A

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

22
Q

Integrative function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

23
Q

Motor function

A

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

24
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

25
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

26
Q

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

27
Q

Joint receptors

A

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

28
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.

29
Q

Neurocircuitry

A

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

30
Q

Motor skills

A

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.