Chapter 14: Lesson 2

Question 1

Postural distortion patterns

Answer 1

Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances.

Question 2

Muscle imbalance

Answer 2

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

Question 3

Osteokinematic

Answer 3

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Question 3

Force-couple relationships

Answer 3

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.

Question 4

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 4

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

Question 4

Arthrokinematics

Answer 4

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

Question 5

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 5

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

Question 6

Overactive

Answer 6

When elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction.

Question 7

Underactive

Answer 7

When a muscle is experiencing neural inhibition and limited neuromuscular recruitment.

Question 8

Synergistic dominance

Answer 8

The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist).

Question 9

Altered length-tension relationship

Answer 9

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

Question 10

Neuromuscular efficiency

Answer 10

The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.

Question 11

Muscle spindle

Answer 11

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 12

Central nervous system

Answer 12

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Question 13

Stretch reflex

Answer 13

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

Question 14

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

Answer 14

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Question 15

Autogenic inhibition

Answer 15

The process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles.

Question 16

Lengthening reaction

Answer 16

When a muscle is lengthened, a cascade of neurological reactions occur that allows the muscle to be stretched.

Question 17

Static stretching

Answer 17

A type of stretch where the muscle is passively lengthened to the point of tension and held for a sustained amount of time.