Chapter 14: Lesson 2 Flashcards
Postural distortion patterns
Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances.
Muscle imbalance
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
Osteokinematic
Movement of a limb that is visible.
Force-couple relationships
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Altered reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
Overactive
When elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction.
Underactive
When a muscle is experiencing neural inhibition and limited neuromuscular recruitment.
Synergistic dominance
The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist).
Altered length-tension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
Neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.
Muscle spindle
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Central nervous system
A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.
Autogenic inhibition
The process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles.
Lengthening reaction
When a muscle is lengthened, a cascade of neurological reactions occur that allows the muscle to be stretched.
Static stretching
A type of stretch where the muscle is passively lengthened to the point of tension and held for a sustained amount of time.
