Chapter 3: Transcription and Translation Flashcards
Process of making mRNA from DNA
Transcription
Process of making proteins from mRNA and ribosomes.
Translation
Where does the transcription of DNA into mRNA take place?
Nucleus
Which base does uracil in mRNA pair with during transcription?
Adenine
How many strands does DNA have? mRNA?
2; 1
Where does translation take place?
On ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What decodes the mRNA in the cytoplasm to make amino acids?
tRNA
3-base triplet code in mRNA that determines the binding of the tRNA, thereby encoding for a particular amino acid.
codon
What regulates whether mRNAs are actually translated into proteins?
microRNAs (miRNAs) that bind to particular complementary target mRNAS, blocking their expression.
What are the three main differences between DNA and mRNA?
1) DNA has guanine; RNA has uracil.
2) DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single stranded.
3) DNA has deoxyribose; RNA has ribose.
Describe the process of transcription.
1) The DNA chains unwinds in the area of a gene to make a template for making an mRNA copy of the gene (this occurs in the nucleus).
2) Unnecessary intron sequences are spliced out.
3) The modified mature mRNA moves to the cytoplasm, carrying the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomal protein factories.
A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
Intron
Describe the process of translation.
In ribosomes in the cytoplasm, the mRNA are decoded by the tRNA, which read the linear triplet sequence in the mRNA and deliver the corresponding amino acid to the growing peptide chain at the ribosome (thereby synthesizing the protein encoded by the gene).
The _______ sequence in a gene dictates the ________ sequence, which in turn dictates the exact __________ sequence to synthesize proteins.
DNA; RNA; amino acid
What are genetic diseases due to?
1) Errors in the regulation of gene expression.
2) Mutations (flaws) in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.
