Chapter 2: Cell Membranes, Cell Death, and Autophagy

Question 1

The plasma membrane is __________ permeable.

Answer 1

Selectively

Question 2

Passive process in which solutes move from a concentrated to a dilute solution.

Answer 2

Diffusion

Question 3

Passive process in which water moves from a dilute to a more concentrated solution.

Answer 3

Osmosis

Question 4

Process in which substances move from a lower to a higher concentration across the cell membrane.

Answer 4

Active transport

Question 5

In the sodium/potassium pump, ______ is imported into the cell and _________ is imported out via active transport.

Answer 5

Potassium in, sodium out.

Question 6

Cell ingestion of materials too large to pass through the cell membrane.

Answer 6

Phagocytosis

Question 7

Ingestion of fluid that cannot pass through the cell membrane.

Answer 7

Pinocytosis

Question 8

Materials brought into the cell; both phagocytosis and pinocytosis are forms of this type of ingestion process

Answer 8

Endocytosis

Question 9

The reverse of phagocytosis; material is expelled

from the cell

Answer 9

Exocytosis

Question 10

Reduction in cell size.

Answer 10

Atrophy

Question 11

Increase in cell size without increase in cell #

Answer 11

Hypertrophy

Question 12

Increase in cell number.

Answer 12

Hyperplasia

Question 13

Adaptive change from one type of adult cell to another; (reversible)

Answer 13

Metaplasia

Question 14

Condition in which cell development and maturation are disturbed and abnormal.

Answer 14

Dysplasia

Question 15

An adaptive response, as when cells need to inactivate or detoxify drugs or chemicals through SER enzymes. Can lead to insensitivity to drugs.

Answer 15

Increased Enzyme Synthesis

Question 16

What are the two most common changes that occur in an injured cell?

Answer 16

1) Cell swelling (due to failure of Na/K pump)

2) Fatty changes (fat accumulates in the cytoplasm)

Question 17

Cellular homicide due to irreparable and pathological damage.

Answer 17

Necrosis

Question 18

Cellular suicide (programmed cell death)

Answer 18

Apoptosis

Question 19

Process of digestion of the cell’s own organelles or othe components.

Answer 19

Autophagy

Question 20

What will happen to an injured cell?

Answer 20

It may adapt, recover, or die.

Question 21

Which type of cell death is non-inflammatory?

Answer 21

apoptosis

Question 22

What cells digest apoptotic cells?

Answer 22

macrophages

Question 23

Process of self-digestion that occurs in eukaryotic cells; removes unnecessary, dysfunctional, damaged, or other cell components.

Answer 23

Autophagy

Question 24

What is the process of autophagy?

Answer 24

Cell forms a membrane around a region of cytoplasm to be ingested, then this vesicle fuses with a lysosome that degrades its contents.

Question 25

What are the roles of autophagy in the cell?

Answer 25

1) Recycling cell components 2) Provides nutrition for a starving cell. 3) Removes potentially harmful proteins. 4) Has a role in developmental and anti-aging functions in animal cells. 5) Protects against cancer. 6) Required for the life-span promoting effects of calorie restriction.

Question 26

What are the three types of autophagy?

Answer 26

1) Macrophagy 2) Microautophagy 3) Chaperone-mediated autophagy

Question 27

What is the main type of autophagy that is used to eliminate damaged organelles and unused proteins or cell components? It involves formation of a vesicle and fusion with a lysosome.

Answer 27

Macrophagy

Question 28

Type of autophagy in which cytoplasmic material is directly engulfed into the lysosome by membrane invagination (no separate vesicle formation and fusion)

Answer 28

Microautophagy

Question 29

Type of autophagy that is a highly selective way to | transfer a particular protein, assisted by a lysosomal chaperone (hsc70), into the lysosome for its degradation.

Answer 29

Chapterone-mediated autophagy