Chapter 2: Cell Membranes, Cell Death, and Autophagy Flashcards
The plasma membrane is __________ permeable.
Selectively
Passive process in which solutes move from a concentrated to a dilute solution.
Diffusion
Passive process in which water moves from a dilute to a more concentrated solution.
Osmosis
Process in which substances move from a lower to a higher concentration across the cell membrane.
Active transport
In the sodium/potassium pump, ______ is imported into the cell and _________ is imported out via active transport.
Potassium in, sodium out.
Cell ingestion of materials too large to pass through the cell membrane.
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of fluid that cannot pass through the cell membrane.
Pinocytosis
Materials brought into the cell; both phagocytosis and pinocytosis are forms of this type of ingestion process
Endocytosis
The reverse of phagocytosis; material is expelled
from the cell
Exocytosis
Reduction in cell size.
Atrophy
Increase in cell size without increase in cell #
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell number.
Hyperplasia
Adaptive change from one type of adult cell to another; (reversible)
Metaplasia
Condition in which cell development and maturation are disturbed and abnormal.
Dysplasia
An adaptive response, as when cells need to inactivate or detoxify drugs or chemicals through SER enzymes. Can lead to insensitivity to drugs.
Increased Enzyme Synthesis
What are the two most common changes that occur in an injured cell?
1) Cell swelling (due to failure of Na/K pump)
2) Fatty changes (fat accumulates in the cytoplasm)
Cellular homicide due to irreparable and pathological damage.
Necrosis
Cellular suicide (programmed cell death)
Apoptosis
Process of digestion of the cell’s own organelles or othe components.
Autophagy
What will happen to an injured cell?
It may adapt, recover, or die.
Which type of cell death is non-inflammatory?
apoptosis
What cells digest apoptotic cells?
macrophages
Process of self-digestion that occurs in eukaryotic cells; removes unnecessary, dysfunctional, damaged, or other cell components.
Autophagy
What is the process of autophagy?
Cell forms a membrane around a region of cytoplasm to be ingested, then this vesicle fuses with a lysosome that degrades its contents.
What are the roles of autophagy in the cell?
1) Recycling cell components
2) Provides nutrition for a starving cell.
3) Removes potentially harmful proteins.
4) Has a role in developmental and anti-aging functions in animal cells.
5) Protects against cancer.
6) Required for the life-span promoting effects of calorie restriction.
What are the three types of autophagy?
1) Macrophagy
2) Microautophagy
3) Chaperone-mediated autophagy
What is the main type of autophagy that is used to eliminate damaged organelles and unused proteins or cell components? It involves formation of a vesicle and fusion with a lysosome.
Macrophagy
Type of autophagy in which cytoplasmic material is directly engulfed into the lysosome by membrane invagination (no separate vesicle formation and fusion)
Microautophagy
Type of autophagy that is a highly selective way to
transfer a particular protein, assisted by a lysosomal chaperone (hsc70), into the lysosome for its degradation.
Chapterone-mediated autophagy
