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Human Disease: Exam 1 > Chapter 1: Principals of Diagnosis > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Principals of Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

Determination of the natureand cause of an illness

A

Diagnosis

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2
Q

Physician’s opinion on eventual outcomeof the disease; outlook on recovery

A

Prognosis

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3
Q

What are the two types of treatment?

A

1) Specific

2) Symptomatic

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4
Q

What type of treatment is directed at the underlying cause(s) of disease?

A

Specific

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5
Q

What type of treatment is given to alleviate symptoms?

A

Symptomatic

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6
Q

What are the components of a clinical history?

A

1) HPI
2) Past medical history
3) Family history
4) Social history
5) Review of systems

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7
Q

Consideration of various diseases or conditions that would fit the clinical or physical findings and the patient’s symptoms and signs

A

Differential diagnosis

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8
Q

What type of treatment is an antibiotic for an infection?

A

Specific

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9
Q

What type of treatment is insulin for diabetes?

A

Specific

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10
Q

What are the requirements for effective screening for a disease in a population?

A

1) Significant number of persons at risk for the disease in population being screened.
2) Relatively inexpensive and non-invasive test.
3) Test should be sensitive and specific.
4) Early ID of disease should favorably influence the health or welfare of persons with the disease.

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11
Q

A test with a low number of false positives is said to be ____________.

A

Specific

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12
Q

A test with a low number of false negatives is said to be ____________.

A

Sensitive

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13
Q

What are the things to consider before ordering any diagnostic test?

A

1) What’s needed.
2) Noninvasive vs. invasive
3) Speed of analysis/results obtained
4) Health of pt to undergo the test.
5) Risks/benefits of the test.
6) Cost

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14
Q

Tests used to determine the concentration of substances in blood or urine that are frequently altered by disease; to diagnose or reveal disease; to monitor the severity, progression or treatment of disease

A

Clinical laboratory tests

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15
Q

What are the three tests of the body’s electrical activity?

A

1) EKG or ECG
2) EEG
3) EMG (electromyogram)

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16
Q

Appears white on X-ray film because high-density tissues (eg. bone) absorbmost of the rays

A

Radiopaque

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17
Q

Appears darkon X-ray film because low-density tissues allow rays to pass through

A

Radiolucent

18
Q

What type of contrast xray is used to view the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Barium sulfate

19
Q

What type of contrast xray is used to view bronchi in the lungs

A

Radiopaque oil

20
Q

What type of contrast xray is used to view the urinary tract?

A

Intravenous pyelogram

21
Q

What type of contrast xray is used to visualize gall stones?

A

Radiopaque tablets

22
Q

What type of contrast xray is used to visualize blood flow to identify narrowing or obstructed vessels?

A

Arteriogram

23
Q

What type of contrast xray is used to view blood flow through heart and detect abnormal communications between chambers?

A

Cardiac Catheterization

24
Q

Xrays that give a 3-D image

A

Computed tomography (CT) scans

25
Q

Imaging technique using computer-constructed body images are produced based on the response of hydrogen protons in water molecules when placed in a strong magnetic field

A

MRI

26
Q

What are the advantages of MRI over CT?

A

1) No ionizing radiation

2) Can visualize tissues surrounded by bone better than a CT

27
Q

Why does an MRI not image bone?

A

Because of the low water content of bone.

28
Q

What types of tissues is MRI good for visualizing?

A

Those with high water content

29
Q

Studies used to evaluate organ function based on the rate of uptake and excretion of substances labeled with a radioisotope

A

Radioisotope studies

30
Q

Radioisotope imaging technique that produces 3-D images (single photon CT scans) to better localize radioactive tracers than simple x-ray detection

A

SPECT

31
Q

Measures metabolism of biochemical compounds labeled with positron-emitting isotopes to measure organ function

A

PET (Positron emission tomography)

32
Q

Used to examine interior spaces of the body using rigid or flexible tubular instruments equipped with a lens and light source

A

Endoscopy

33
Q

Done using a long, tubular, telescope-like instrument passed through the abdominal wall to examine structures within the peritoneal cavity.

A

Laparoscopy

34
Q

Endoscopic tube used to view the trachea and major bronchi

A

Bronchoscope

35
Q

Endoscopic tube used to view the bladder

A

Cystoscope

36
Q

Endoscopic tube used to view the stomach

A

Gastroscope

37
Q

Endoscopic tube used to view the esophagus

A

Esophagoscope

38
Q

Tubes used to view the colon

A

Sigmoidoscope and colonoscope

39
Q

Maps the reflected echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into the body; echoes reflect changes in tissue density, producing images

A

Ultrasound

40
Q

What type of test is a Pap smear?

A

Cytologic and histologic examination

Human Disease: Exam 1 (32 decks)

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