Chapter 2: Cells

Question 1

Cell to cell communication by direct contact.

Answer 1

Juxtacrine

Question 2

Cell to cell communication by soluble mediators acting near groups of cells.

Answer 2

Paracrine

Question 3

Cell to cell communication by direct contact through soluble mediators acting across a distance between cells.

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

Organelle that contains genetic information; directs metabolic function of cells

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

Surrounds cell nucleus; its structures carry out the directions of the nucleus

Answer 5

Cytoplasm

Question 6

The basic structural and functional unit of the body (and life)

Answer 6

Cell

Question 7

Group of similar cells performing the same function.

Answer 7

Tissue

Question 8

Group of tissues

Answer 8

Organ

Question 9

Groups of organs functioning together

Answer 9

Organ system

Question 10

Integrated organ systems

Answer 10

Functioning Organism

Question 11

What are cell membranes composed of?

Answer 11

Lipid and protein molecules

Question 12

Double-layered membrane with pores that separates nucleus from cytoplasm

Answer 12

Nuclear membrane

Question 13

Where is RNA located?

Answer 13

In nucleoli

Question 14

Where is DNA located?

Answer 14

In chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 15

Organelle that Contain enzymes that convert food materials (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) into energy by oxidizing them, thereby producing water, carbon dioxide, and heat (for body temperature regulation).

Answer 15

Mitochondria

Question 16

The essential fuel that powers chemical reactions in the cell.

Answer 16

ATP

Question 17

Interconnected network of tubular channels enclosed by membranes that has nucleoprotein ribosomes attached to its surface that synthesize proteins for secretion by the cell or targeting to the cytoplasm

Answer 17

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Question 18

Organelle that has membranes containing enzymes that synthesize lipids (steroids) and break downdrugs and other molecules

Answer 18

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 19

Flattened membrane-like sacs near the nucleus; connected with tubules of the RER; this is where large carbohydrate molecules are synthesized and combined with proteins.

Answer 19

Golgi Apparatus

Question 20

This organelle digests worn-out cell components, organelles,and materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis; also prevents leakage of digestive enzymes into the cytoplasm that would injure cell; recycles intracellular structures as needed (“autophagy”)

Answer 20

Lysosomes

Question 21

Process by which cellular organelles are degraded or recycled by the cell.

Answer 21

Autophagy

Question 22

Ingestion of particulate foreign material by the cell.

Answer 22

Phagocytosis

Question 23

A cytoplasmic organelle containing various enzymes, including those that decompose potentially toxic compounds through the production of H2O2.

Answer 23

Peroxisomes

Question 24

These organelles break down free radicals, drugs, and alcohol in the cell.

Answer 24

Peroxisomes

Question 25

Short, cylindrical structures located adjacent to the nucleus that participate in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.

Answer 25

Centrioles

Question 26

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 26

1) Forms structural framework of the cell.
2) Determines cells shape
3) Responsible for cell movements

Question 27

What are the three types of cytoskeleton proteins in cells?

Answer 27

1) Large microtubules
2) Intermediate filaments (4 types)
3) Microfilaments (actin)

Question 28

In which cells are microfilaments (actin filaments) most plentiful?

Answer 28

Contractile cells (muscle)

Question 29

Which type of intermediate filament is found in epithelial cells?

Answer 29

Keratin filaments

Question 30

Which type of intermediate filament is found in nerve cells?

Answer 30

Neurofilaments

Question 31

Which type of intermediate filament is found in connective and muscle cell?

Answer 31

Vimentin filaments

Question 32

Which type of intermediate filament is found in involved in nuclear structure and found in all cells?

Answer 32

Lamin filaments

Question 33

What percentage of human proteins have carbohydrate molecules attached?

Answer 33

70%