Chap 26

Question 1

. In sports participation, anemia contributes to each of the following EXCEPT
a. increase in aerobic capacity.
b. decrease in aerobic capacity.
c. decrease in aerobic threshold.
d. decrease exercise time to exhaustion.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

2. In the female athlete, iron-deficiency is seen predominantly in
   a. basketball players.
   b. those who maintain a high percentage of body fat.
   c. those who maintain a low percentage of body fat.
   d. African American athletes.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

3. An athlete has been diagnosed with anemia. Which of the following foods would you suggest the athlete incorporate as part of the daily diet?
   a. Dried apricots
   b. Green beans
   c. Apple
   d. Orange

Answer 3

A

Question 4

4. Blood pressure readings of 120 to 139 systolic and 80 to 89 diastolic are considered
   a. normal.
   b. prehypertension.
   c. stage 1 hypertension.
   d. stage 2 hypertension.

Answer 4

B

Question 5

5. In the management of hemophilia, if bleeding is serious enough, which of the following may be necessary?
   a. Infusion of blood plasma
   b. A prescribed injection of desmopressin
   c. An infusion of clotting factors
   d. Application of a tourniquet

Answer 5

C

Question 6

6. Hyperventilation, delirium, and hyperactive reflexes are characteristics of _______ Reye syndrome.
   a. stage I
   b. stage II
   c. stage III
   d. stage IV

Answer 6

B

Question 7

7. Which of the following statements is true?
   a. Reye syndrome tends to occur in previously healthy children.
   b. Reye syndrome almost exclusively affects individuals after puberty.
   c. In Reye syndrome, the level of ammonia and acidity in the blood decreases while the level of sugar increases.
   d. Reye syndrome is a condition that affects the body’s lymph nodes.

Answer 7

A

Question 8

8. Which of the following forms of syncope does not suggest a serious disorder?
   a. Those occurring with exercise
   b. Those occurring with heat
   c. Those associated with palpitations or irregularities of the heart
   d. Those associated with a family history of recurrent syncope or sudden death

Answer 8

B

Question 9

9. Which of the following is not a metabolic cause of syncope?
   a. Hypoxia
   b. Hypoglycemia
   c. Hyperventilation
   d. Migraine headache

Answer 9

D

Question 10

10. Crisis symptoms for sickle cell anemia include all of the following EXCEPT
    a. hyperactivity.
    b. painful hands and feet.
    c. severe pain because of oxygen deprivation.
    d. swollen and inflamed hands.

Answer 10

A

Question 11

11. Sickle cell trait is most commonly seen in
    a. male athletes.
    b. African Americans.
    c. Asian Americans.
    d. female athletes.

Answer 11

B

Question 12

12. Sickle cell trait affects
    a. erythrocytes.
    b. monocytes.
    c. lymphocytes.
    d. T cells.

Answer 12

A

Question 13

13. Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of shock?
    a. Rapid and shallow respiration
    b. Rapid and strong pulse
    c. Profuse sweating
    d. Pale, clammy skin

Answer 13

B

Question 14

14. Cardiac output is determined by each of the following EXCEPT
    a. peripheral resistance.
    b. heart rate.
    c. venous return.
    d. myocardial contractility.

Answer 14

A

Question 15

15. Hypertension contributes to
    a. diabetes mellitus.
    b. epilepsy.
    c. strokes.
    d. shock.

Answer 15

C

Question 16

16. To decrease the risk of orthostatic problems, athletes who exercise and take calcium channel blockers should
    a. not perform isotonic exercises.
    b. perform a thorough cool-down.
    c. only do moderate aerobic activity.
    d. only do isometric weight-training exercises.

Answer 16

B

Question 17

17. Diet modifications for individuals with hypertension include each of the following EXCEPT
    a. increasing sodium.
    b. limiting saturated fats.
    c. increasing potassium and magnesium.
    d. increasing calcium.

Answer 17

A

Question 18

18. Hypotension is characterized by a fall of _____ or more from a person’s normal baseline systolic blood pressure.
    a. 10 mm Hg
    b. 20 mm Hg
    c. 30 mm Hg
    d. 40 mm Hg

Answer 18

B

Question 19

19. Increased age increases the risk of hypertension because
    a. arteries lose their elasticity with age.
    b. more people smoke with increased age.
    c. hypoglycemia increases with age.
    d. of heredity.

Answer 19

A

Question 20

20. After a preseason physical examination, an offensive lineman is found to have mild hypertension. What activity restrictions are there for this athlete?
    a. No activity restrictions
    b. No sprints
    c. No participation in contact drills
    d. No participation in aerobic activities

Answer 20

A

Question 21

21. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that primarily affects
    a. connective tissue.
    b. the immune system.
    c. the respiratory system.
    d. smooth muscle

Answer 21

A

Question 22

22. The most common cause of sudden death in individuals younger than age 35 years is
    a. mitral valve prolapse.
    b. coronary artery disease.
    c. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
    d. myocarditis.

Answer 22

C

Question 23

23. Which of the following is NOT a screen for Marfan syndrome?
    a. Cardiac murmur
    b. Myopia
    c. Arm span greater than height
    d. Deviated septum

Answer 23

D

Question 24

24. Sudden death is most often precipitated by
    a. stroke.
    b. pulmonary complications.
    c. physical activity.
    d. hypertension.

Answer 24

C

Question 25

25. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by
    a. abnormal thickening of the right ventricle wall.
    b. abnormal thickening of the left ventricle wall.
    c. abnormal thickening of the right atrium wall.
    d. abnormal thickening of the left atrium wall.

Answer 25

B

Question 26

26. Individuals with mitral valve prolapse usually experience some degree of each of the following EXCEPT
    a. chest pain.
    b. fatigue with exertion.
    c. dyspnea.
    d. headache with exertion.

Answer 26

D

Question 27

27. Myocarditis is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into the myocardium, leading to an abnormally enlarged
    a. left atrium.
    b. right atrium.
    c. left ventricle.
    d. right ventricle.

Answer 27

C

Question 28

28. Regurgitation is associated with
    a. coronary artery disease.
    b. acquired valvular heart disease.
    c. mitral valve prolapse.
    d. mitral valve prolapse and acquired valvular heart disease.

Answer 28

D

Question 29

29. Excessive cholesterol buildup that blocks a coronary artery increases the risk of
    a. myocardial infarction.
    b. myocarditis.
    c. supraventricular tachycardia.
    d. pulmonary obstructions.

Answer 29

A

Question 30

30. According to the ACSM recommendations, anyone who has had a history of angina, palpitations, syncope, or dyspnea during exercise should have
    a. an echocardiogram.
    b. an exercise electrocardiogram.
    c. an electrocardiogram.
    d. a precordial auscultation measurement.

Answer 30

B

Question 31

31. Individuals with Marfan syndrome usually die from
    a. myocarditis.
    b. tachycardia.
    c. commotio cordis.
    d. aortic rupture.

Answer 31

D

Question 32

32. Which of the following is contraindicated for individuals with Marfan syndrome?
    a. Isotonic exercises
    b. Isometric exercises
    c. Aerobic exercises
    d. Agility exercises

Answer 32

B

Question 33

33. Each of the following is considered a noncardiac cause of sudden death EXCEPT
    a. commotio cordis.
    b. Marfan syndrome.
    c. exertional hyperthermia.
    d. exercise-induced anaphylaxis.

Answer 33

B

Question 34

34. Sudden death can occur when using EPO because of
    a. rhabdomyolysis.
    b. decreased blood viscosity.
    c. increased blood viscosity.
    d. angina.

Answer 34

C

Question 35

35. Dilated or irregular pupils, reduced pulse rate, dyspnea, nausea, and decreased level of consciousness indicate
    a. rhabdomyolysis.
    b. increased intracranial pressure.
    c. sickle cell trait.
    d. exercise-induced hyperthermia.

Answer 35

B

Question 36

36. An individual is lying with the legs in extension and the elbows, wrists, and fingers in flexion. Which of the following best describes this position?
    a. Decortication
    b. Decerebration
    c. Excortication
    d. Exacerbation

Answer 36

A

Question 37

37. The most preventable cause of sudden death is
    a. the use of EPO.
    b. exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
    c. exertional rhabdomyolysis.
    d. exertional hyperthermia.

Answer 37

D

Question 38

38. Extended or heavy use of alcohol, cocaine, or steroids can produce
    a. cardiomyopathy.
    b. mitral valve prolapse.
    c. aortic rupture.
    d. holiday heart syndrome.

Answer 38

A

Question 39

39. Pain associated with angina is commonly caused by
    a. physical exertion.
    b. blunt chest trauma.
    c. irregular heartbeat.
    d. coronary artery obstruction.

Answer 39

A

Question 40

40. A baseball pitcher gets hit with a line drive ball to the sternum and collapses on the field. What is the most likely reason for this collapse?
    a. Bradycardia
    b. Tachycardia
    c. Commotio cordis
    d. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 40

C

Question 41

41. True or False? Shock and dehydration can cause hypotension.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 41

A

Question 42

42. True or False? Iron deficiency develops gradually progressing through several stages before anemia is present.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 42

A

Question 43

43. True or False? Intravascular hemolysis cannot occur in low-impact sports and physical activity.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 43

B

Question 44

44. True or False? Individuals with sickle cell trait should avoid activity in extremely hot, humid weather.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 44

A

Question 45

45. True or False? Reye syndrome is a disorder characterized by a deficiency of selected proteins in the body’s blood-clotting system.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 45

B

Question 46

46. True or False? Reye syndrome can result in permanent liver damage, irreversible neurological damage, coma, and death.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 46

A

Question 47

47. True or False? An individual with signs of lymphangitis should be immediately referred to a physician.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 47

A

Question 48

48. True or False? Neural mediated syncope normally occurs while an individual is standing and is often preceded by prodromal symptoms.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 48

A

Question 49

49. True or False? The severity of shock can vary dependent on the age of the individual.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 49

A

Question 50

50. True or False? Epidural and subdural hematomas are examples of noncardiac-related causes of sudden death.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 50

A

Question 51

51. True or False? Sudden death caused by erythropoietin is due to decreased blood viscosity.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 51

B

Question 52

52. True or False? Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, commotio cordis, and exertional rhabdomyolysis are all noncardiac-related causes of sudden death.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 52

B

Question 53

53. True or False? An athlete who complains of prodromal symptoms during or after exercise should be referred to a physician as soon as possible.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 53

A

Question 54

54. True or False? An enlarged left ventricle is found in myocarditis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 54

A

Question 55

55. True or False? Cardiopulmonary emergencies frequently follow physical exertion or stress.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 55

A

Question 56

56. True or False? -Blockers are used to reduce tremors and lower heart rate in individuals with hypertension, angina, stage fright, and certain cardiac arrhythmias.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 56

A

Question 57

57. True or False? Cardiac output is determined by heart rate, blood volume, pulmonary rate, and venous return.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 57

B

Question 58

58. True or False? Any change in cardiac output or peripheral resistance will result in an increase or decrease in blood pressure.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 58

A

Question 59

59. True or False? Oral contraceptives, nasal decongestants, and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications can cause hypertension.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 59

A

Question 60

60. True or False? The Valsalva effect should be restricted for individuals with hypertension.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 60

A

Question 61

61. True or False? Diet modifications for an individual with hypertension should include a diet low in saturated fats, with a total dietary fat intake not exceeding 40% of total caloric intake.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 61

B

Question 62

62. True or False? Hypertension is defined as a sustained elevated blood pressure above the accepted norms of 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 62

A

Question 63

63. Match the following types of shock with the appropriate cause.
64. Hypovolemic a. possible causes are insulin shock, diabetic coma, vomiting, or diarrhea
65. Respiratory b. occurs when peripheral blood vessels dilate causing insufficient blood volume
66. Neurogenic c. possible causes are injury to the heart or previous heart attack
67. Psychogenic d. possible causes include hemorrhage, dehydration, and multiple trauma
68. Cardiogenic e. derives from severe, usually bacterial, infection
69. Metabolic f. possible causes are airway obstruction, pneumothorax, or hemothorax
70. Septic g. refers to a temporary dilation of blood vessels resulting in draining of blood from the head with pooling of blood in abdomen

Answer 63

Answer: 1-d, 2-f, 3-b, 4-g, 5-c, 6-a, 7-e

Question 64

64. Identify six predisposing factors for developing anemia.

Answer 64

Answer:
The factors include the following:
a. Personal or family history of anemia, bleeding disorders, or chronic disease
b. Intermittent jaundice early in life
c. Excessive menstrual flow; increased duration, frequency, or volume
d. Chronic blood loss through gastrointestinal bleeding
e. Certain drugs and toxins (e.g., chronic use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
f. Childbirth
g. Disadvantaged socioeconomic background
h. Poor diet or dietary restriction (e.g., vegetarian diet, weight loss diets, or fad diets)
i. Cancer
j. Volunteer blood donor
k. Diminished hepatic, renal, or thyroid function

Question 65

65. Identify six signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia.

Answer 65

Answer: The signs and symptoms include:
a. Exercise fatigue
b. Muscle burning
c. Nausea
d. Shortness of breath
e. Appetite for substances that have little or no nutritional value (e.g., starch, ice, or clay)
f. Pallor
g. Palpitations
h. Loss of hair
i. Pearly sclera
j. Spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia)
k. Dry scaling and fissures of the lips (angular cheilosis)
l. Inflammation of the tongue (glossitis)

Question 66

66. Identify six potential causes of hypertension.

Answer 66

Answer: The potential causes include:
a. Certain prescribed medications
b. Oral contraceptives
c. Anabolic steroids
d. Amphetamines
e. Chronic alcohol use
f. Nasal decongestants containing sympathomimetic amines
g. Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
h. Sleep apnea
i. Chronic kidney disease
j. Renovascular disease
k. Coarctation of the aorta
l. Thyroid or parathyroid disease

Question 67

67. Identify six nonneurogenic causes of hypotension.

Answer 67

Answer:
The causes include:
a. Shock as a response to stress or trauma
b. Heat (e.g., hot environments, hot showers and baths, or fever)
c. Hemorrhage
d. Drug toxicity (e.g., alcohol, anesthesia, diuretics, analgesics, or vasodilators)
e. Diabetes mellitus
f. Overtreatment of hypertension (e.g., diuretics, antihypertensives, or vasodilators)
g. Allergic drug reaction
h. Dehydration
i. Orthostatic or postural hypotension
j. Low-salt diets
k. Straining on heavy lifting, urination, or defecation
l. Diarrhea
m. Vasovagal syncope (fainting)

Question 68

68. Explain the process of screening individuals for Marfan syndrome.

Answer 68

Answer: Screen all males over 6 ft and all females over 5 ft 10 in with an electrocardiogram and slit-lamp examination when any two of the following exist:
a. Family history of Marfan syndrome
b. Cardiac murmur or midsystolic click
c. Kyphoscoliosis (kyphosis combined with scoliosis)
d. Anterior thoracic deformity (i.e., pectus excavatum)
e. Arm span greater than height
f. Upper-to-lower body ratio more than 1 standard deviation below the mean
g. Myopia
h. Ectopic lens (displacement of the lens of the eye)

Question 69

69. Identify the signs and symptoms of shock. Explain the management for shock.

Answer 69

Answer:
Signs and symptoms of shock can develop over time. Initially, the individual may have a feeling of uneasiness or restlessness, increased respirations, and increased weakened heart rate. The skin turns pale and clammy, which usually is accompanied by profuse sweating. The lips, nail beds, and membranes of the mouth appear to be cyanotic. Thirst, weakness, nausea, and vomiting may then become apparent. During later stages, a rapid, weak pulse and labored, weakened respirations may lead to decreased blood pressure and possible unconsciousness.
The management of shock is as follows:
a. Activate emergency action plan, including summoning emergency medical services (EMS). Secure and maintain an open airway. Control any major bleeding. Monitor vital signs.
b. If a head or neck injury or a leg fracture is not suspected, elevate the feet and legs 8 to 12 in. With breathing difficulties, the individual might be more comfortable with the head and shoulders raised in a semi-reclining position. If a head injury is suspected, elevate the head and shoulders to reduce pressure on the brain. The feet also may be slightly elevated. In a suspected neck injury, keep the individual lying flat.
c. An individual who vomits or is unconscious should be placed on their side to avoid blocking the airway with any fluids. This allows the fluids to drain from the mouth.
d. Splint any fractures. This reduces shock by slowing bleeding and helps to ease pain. If the individual has a leg fracture, keep the leg level while splinting the fracture. Raise the leg only after it has been properly immobilized.
e. Maintain normal body temperature. This action may require removing any wet clothing, if possible, and covering the individual with a blanket. Keep the individual quiet and still. Avoid rough or excessive handling of the individual.
f. Do not give the individual anything by mouth.
g. Monitor vital signs every 2 to 5 minutes until EMS arrives.