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CATA exam > Chap 20 > Flashcards

Chap 20 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Forearm pronation and supination occur about a _____ joint at the elbow.
    a. gliding
    b. pivot
    c. saddle
    d. hinge
A

B

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2
Q
  1. The carrying angle ranges from _____ in adults.
    a. 0° to 5°
    b. 5° to 10°
    c. 10° to 15°
    d. 15° to 20°
A

C

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3
Q
  1. An athlete has sustained a proximal humeral fracture. Where should circulatory function be checked?
    a. On the posterior side of the elbow
    b. On the anterior side of the elbow
    c. On the lateral aspect of the elbow
    d. On the anterior surface of the hand
A

B

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4
Q
  1. _____ are commonly used in racquet sports to reduce muscle tensile forces that can lead to medial or lateral epicondylitis.
    a. Neoprene sleeves
    b. Counterforce braces
    c. Forearm splints
    d. Compression wraps
A

B

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5
Q
  1. Contusion of the radial nerve during a blow to the elbow will exhibit signs of
    a. transitory paralysis of the flexors of the arm.
    b. transitory paralysis of the extensors of the arm.
    c. sensory deficit of the middle finger.
    d. sensory deficit of the ring finger.
A

B

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6
Q
  1. Supracondylar fractures are classified by the mechanism of injury (extension or flexion) and degree of distal fragment displacement based on the?
    a. gartland’s classification.
    b. chronic repetitive classification.
    c. FOOSH.
    d. terrible triad classification.
A

A

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7
Q
  1. A positive valgus stress test at 15° to 20° of elbow flexion often indicates
    a. tear to the radial collateral ligament.
    b. tear to the ulnar collateral ligament.
    c. tear to the pronators.
    d. tear to the biceps brachii.
A

B

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8
Q
  1. During pronator syndrome, the _____ nerve is entrapped by the pronator teres, leading to pain on activities involving pronation.
    a. radial
    b. musculocutaneous
    c. ulnar
    d. brachial
A

D

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9
Q
  1. When an elbow is dislocated, the arm is frequently held in what position?
    a. Slightly flexed with the forearm appearing shortened
    b. Extended with the forearm pronated
    c. Slightly flexed with the forearm pronated
    d. Slightly flexed with the forearm supinated
A

A

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10
Q
  1. Which of the following structures lie within the cubital fossa?
    a. Median nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, and brachioradialis
    b. Musculocutaneous nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, and median nerve
    c. Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, and median nerve
    d. Ulnar nerve, triceps tendon, olecranon bursa, and fat pad
A

B

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11
Q

. The close-packed position of the humeroulnar joint is
a. extension.
b. flexion.
c. 90° of elbow flexion.
d. 45° of elbow flexion.

A

A

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12
Q
  1. Which of the following conditions should be considered when evaluating an athlete who has received a direct blow to the posterior elbow?
    I Triceps tendon strain
    II. Olecranon bursa injury
    III. Ulnar nerve contusion
    IV. Brachialis weakness
    V. Musculocutaneous nerve contusion
    a. II and V
    b. II and III
    c. I and III
    d. III and IV
A

B

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13
Q
  1. Irritation of the radioulnar syndesmosis is associated with
    a. pronator syndrome.
    b. wrist drop.
    c. forearm splints.
    d. compression syndrome.
A

C

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14
Q
  1. Recurrent elbow dislocations are usually due to instability that results from disruption of the
    a. annular ligament.
    b. ulnar collateral ligament.
    c. wrist extensors and forearm supinators.
    d. radial collateral ligament.
A

B

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15
Q
  1. The angle between the longitudinal axes of the humerus and the ulna when the arm is in anatomical position is known as the
    a. axial angle.
    b. carrying angle.
    c. humeroulnar angle.
    d. supinated angle.
A

B

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16
Q
  1. The ligament that stabilizes and encircles the head of the radius is the
    a. annular ligament.
    b. radial collateral.
    c. ulnar collateral.
    d. quadrate ligament.
A

A

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17
Q
  1. What nerve innervates the main elbow flexors?
    a. Axillary
    b. Median
    c. Musculocutaneous
    d. Radial
A

C

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18
Q
  1. What nerve innervates the main elbow extensors?
    a. Median
    b. Musculocutaneous
    c. Radial
    d. Ulnar
A

C

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a primary elbow flexor?
    a. Brachialis
    b. Brachioradialis
    c. Biceps brachii
    d. Coracobrachialis
A

D

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20
Q
  1. Football linemen who consistently block with their arms may develop an ectopic formation directly on the distal humerus commonly called
    a. blocker’s contusion.
    b. blocker’s myositis.
    c. myositis ossificans.
    d. tackler’s exostosis.
A

D

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21
Q
  1. After a hyperextension injury, palpable anterior joint pain, particularly on the anteromedial side, is more commonly attributed to acute
    a. anterior capsulitis.
    b. arterial impairment.
    c. collateral ligament damage.
    d. ulnar nerve compression.
A

A

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22
Q
  1. Most elbow dislocations occur from axial loading when falling on an outstretched hand, which results in the ulna and radius dislocating
    a. anteriorly.
    b. laterally.
    c. medially.
    d. posteriorly.
A

D

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23
Q
  1. If an athlete complains of burning, tingling, or paresthesia to the fourth and fifth fingers, what structure may be damaged?
    a. Flexor digiti minimi
    b. Interosseous muscles
    c. Median nerve
    d. Ulnar nerve
A

D

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24
Q
  1. A rupture of the biceps tendon is usually associated with
    a. elbow hyperextension.
    b. elbow hyperflexion.
    c. forceful shoulder flexion against excessive resistance.
    d. forceful shoulder extension against excessive resistance.
A

C

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25
Q
  1. Medial epicondylitis is often caused by
    a. bending.
    b. compression.
    c. shear.
    d. tension.
A

D

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26
Q
  1. Following a diagnosis of moderate medial epicondylitis, throwing or overhead motions should be avoided for what length of time postinjury?
    a. Can begin immediately
    b. 1 to 2 weeks
    c. 3 to 4 weeks
    d. 6 to 12 weeks
A

D

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27
Q
  1. Each of the following mechanisms can lead to common extensor tendinitis EXCEPT
    a. eccentric loading of the flexor muscles.
    b. excessive use of a curve ball.
    c. impact forces.
    d. use of power grips.
A

A

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28
Q
  1. Compression due to hypertrophy of the _____ can impinge on the median nerve leading to weakness in the finger flexors.
    a. brachialis
    b. flexor carpi radialis
    c. flexor carpi ulnaris
    d. pronator teres
A

D

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29
Q
  1. A complication from a forearm fracture that can lead to ischemic necrosis of the forearm muscles is called
    a. forearm splints.
    b. Little League elbow.
    c. nightstick fracture.
    d. Volkmann contracture.
A

D

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30
Q
  1. A varus stress applied at 15° to 20° of elbow flexion stresses the
    a. elbow flexors.
    b. radial collateral ligament.
    c. ulnar collateral ligament.
    d. ulnar nerve.
A

B

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31
Q
  1. If resisted wrist extension is applied to an athlete’s hand with the forearm pronated and elbow flexed at 45°, what test is being performed?
    a. Capsular pain test
    b. Common extensor tendinitis test
    c. Thomas test
    d. Tinel test
A

B

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32
Q
  1. The adolescent athlete who complains of sudden pain and locking of the elbow joint should be suspected of having
    a. epicondylitis.
    b. olecranon bursitis.
    c. osteochondritis dissecans.
    d. supracondylar fracture of the humerus.
A

C

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33
Q
  1. Which of the following is a cause of nonseptic bursitis?
    a. Paronychia.
    b. Crystalline deposition disease.
    c. Cellulitis of the hand.
    d. Forearm infection.
A

B

34
Q
  1. The _____ nerve provides motor supply to the flexor muscles of the anterior arm and sensory innervation to the skin of the lateral forearm.
    a. musculocutaneous
    b. median
    c. radial
    d. ulnar
A

A

35
Q
  1. The flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis provide significant stability to the ____ elbow during throwing activities.
    a. anterior
    b. posterior
    c. lateral
    d. medial
A

D

36
Q
  1. The mechanism of injury for an ulnar dislocation is
    a. hyperextension.
    b. sudden, violent unidirectional varus force.
    c. longitudinal traction.
    d. hyperflexion.
A

A

37
Q
  1. Each of the following is a characteristic of a biceps brachii rupture EXCEPT
    a. history of sudden eccentric load.
    b. tenderness in the antecubital fossa.
    c. ability to flex the elbow and supinate the forearm.
    d. inability to palpate the biceps tendon.
A

C

38
Q
  1. Management for a forearm compartment syndrome is
    I. application of ice
    II. application of external compression
    III. immobilization of the forearm and wrist
    IV. immediate referral to a physician
    a. I, II, II, and IV.
    b. I, II, and III.
    c. II and IV.
    d. I, III, and IV.
A

D

39
Q
  1. Valgus stress forces frequently lead to
    a. flexor–pronator muscle strain.
    b. extensor–supinator muscle strain.
    c. radial collateral ligament injury.
    d. anterior capsulitis.
A

A

40
Q
  1. Little Leaguer’s elbow is a _______ injury.
    a. compression
    b. shearing force
    c. tension force
    d. rotational
A

C

41
Q
  1. Testing the sensory function of the radial nerve is performed by
    a. checking sensation of the thumb.
    b. checking sensation of the little finger.
    c. checking strength of the thumb.
    d. checking strength of the little finger.
A

A

42
Q
  1. The brachial artery can be palpated
    a. on the posterior surface of the elbow.
    b. on the anterior surface of the elbow.
    c. on the anterior surface of the wrist.
    d. on the posterior surface of the wrist.
A

B

43
Q
  1. The biceps brachii contributes most effectively to flexion when the forearm is _____________.
    a. extended
    b. flexed
    c. pronated
    d. supinated
A

D

44
Q
  1. True or False? Resisted wrist extension and radial deviation are used to test for common extensor tendinitis.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

45
Q
  1. True or False? The close-packed position of the humeroradial joint is with the elbow flexed at 90° and the forearm supinated about 5°.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

46
Q
  1. True or False? The carrying angle is so named because it causes the forearm to angle toward the body when a load is carried in the hand.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

47
Q
  1. True or False? The nerve that innervates the primary elbow flexors is the median.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

48
Q
  1. True or False? The primary pronator muscle is the pronator teres, which attaches to the proximal radius.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

49
Q
  1. True or False? Because the attachment of the elbow extensors to the ulna is closer to the joint center than the attachments of the elbow flexors on the radius and ulna, higher joint compressive forces occur during extension than during flexion.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

50
Q
  1. True or False? The brachialis muscle is a common site for development of myositis ossificans.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

51
Q
  1. True or False? An olecranon bursa that feels hot to the touch and inflamed indicates chronic bursitis.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

52
Q
  1. True or False? Non-displaced Garland type 1 and type 2A fractures may be treated nonoperatively and require a full arm cast with the elbow in about 80° to 90° of flexion for around 1 month.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

53
Q
  1. True or False? Elbow dislocations occur more commonly in individuals younger than 20 years, with a peak incidence in late adolescence.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

54
Q
  1. True or False? In an elbow dislocation, the radial collateral ligament is usually ruptured, and there may be an associated fracture of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

55
Q
  1. True or False? With an elbow dislocation, the arm is frequently held in flexion with the forearm appearing shortened.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

56
Q
  1. True or False? Sudden or repetitive medial tension overload can lead to an ulnar collateral ligament sprain, ulnar traction spur, ulnar neuritis, or a partial avulsion of the medial epicondyle.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

57
Q
  1. True or False? Medial tension overload forces can lead to simultaneous lateral joint line compressive forces and shearing forces posteriorly, in the olecranon fossa.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

58
Q
  1. True or False? If the ulnar nerve is injured, tingling and numbness may radiate into the forearm and hand, particularly the thumb and index finger.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

59
Q
  1. True or False? Varus stress, coupled with an extension overload in the deceleration and follow-through phase of the throwing motion can impinge on the radial nerve as it courses through the supinator muscle.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

60
Q
  1. True or False? Individuals who fall repeatedly on the wrists are prone to forearm splints.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

61
Q
  1. True or False? If the median nerve is damaged in a forearm fracture, the individual will have tingling or numbness on the dorsum of the hand and fingers.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

62
Q
  1. True or False? Palpation of the annular ligament and head of the radius can be facilitated by supination and pronation of the forearm.
    a. True
    b. False
A

a

63
Q
  1. True or False? Resisted elbow flexion and/or wrist extension test the C7 myotome.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

64
Q
  1. True or False? A network of communicating blood vessels is called anastomosis.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

65
Q
  1. True or False? A positive “coffee cup” test could be indicative of lateral epicondylitis.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

66
Q
  1. True or False? A positive Tinel sign indicates median nerve entrapment.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

67
Q
  1. True or False? Lateral compressive forces on the radiocapitellar joint can lead to osteochondritis dissecans of the skeletally immature elbow.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

68
Q
  1. True or False? The nerve root for the brachioradialis reflex is C6.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

69
Q
  1. True or False? The pinch grip test is used to assess the integrity of the ulnar nerve.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

70
Q
  1. True or False? The normal ROM for supination of the forearm is 45°.
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

71
Q
  1. True or False? In an extended position, the olecranon process and the two epicondyles form a straight line.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

72
Q
  1. True or False? A Type II fracture of the radial head is a displaced fracture.
    a. True
    b. False
A

A

73
Q
  1. Match the following terms and definitions.
  2. Biceps brachii a. carrying angle less than 10°
  3. Brachialis b. C6 reflex
  4. Brachioradialis c. C5 reflex
  5. Carrying angle d. lateral epicondylitis
  6. Coffee cup test e. carrying angle less than 20°
  7. Cubital valgus f. angle between humerus and ulna in anatomical position
  8. Tinel sign g. primary elbow flexor
  9. Cubital varus h. ulnar nerve damage
A

Answer: 1-c, 2-g, 3-b, 4-f, 5-d, 6-e, 7-h, 8-a

74
Q
  1. Match the following terms and definitions.
  2. Fibrositis a. general discomfort
  3. Forearm splints b. inflammation of outer covering of a bone
  4. Little League elbow c. tension stress injury of the medial epicondyle
  5. Malaise d. bone formation on anterior or lateral humerus
  6. Periostitis e. median nerve damage
  7. Pronator syndrome f. inflammation of fibrous tissue
  8. Tackler’s exostosis g. radial nerve damage
  9. Wrist drop h. chronic strain of forearm muscles
A

Answer: 1-f, 2-h, 3-c, 4-a, 5-b, 6-e, 7-d, 8-g

75
Q
  1. A gymnast missed the vault and fell to the mat on an outstretched arm, and sustained a visible posterior dislocation of the elbow. Explain immediate management of this injury.
A

Answer: The management includes checking for a distal pulse; assessing skin color; assessing sensory function; applying ice and immobilization; treating for shock; summoning EMS to transport the athlete to the nearest medical facility; checking and monitoring vitals.

76
Q
  1. A forearm fracture is suspected in a hockey player who was hit by an opposing player’s stick. What special tests can be used to determine a possible fracture?
A

Answer: The tests include applying gentle compression along the long axis of the bone, noting any pain or palpating for crepitus; encircling the distal ulna and radius with your hand and giving mild compression, noting any pain; performing percussion over superficial bony landmarks or using a tuning fork over the bony prominences, noting any increase in pain at the fracture site.

77
Q
  1. What are the signs and symptoms of medial epicondylitis?
A

Answer: The signs and symptoms include:
a. Swelling, ecchymosis, and point tenderness over the humeroulnar joint
b. Pain over the medial epicondyle, extending distally 1 to 2 cm along the track of the flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres
c. Increased pain with resisted wrist flexion and forearm pronation
d. Increased pain with valgus stress at 30° flexion
e. Negative Tinel sign, at the cubital tunnel, for ulnar neuritis

78
Q
  1. What are the signs and symptoms of lateral epicondylitis?
A

Answer: The signs and symptoms include:
a. Pain anterior or just distal to the lateral epicondyle that may radiate into the forearm extensors
b. Pain initially subsides but becomes more severe with repetition
c. Pain increases with resisted wrist extension
d. Positive “coffee cup” test and tennis elbow test

79
Q
  1. A football player is complaining of pain in the anterior distal arm just proximal to the elbow joint. Palpation reveals a hardened mass of soft tissue that is very sore and tender. What specific questions should be asked to gather a history of this injury?
A

Answer: Refer to the point: Elbow assessment history
a. Primary complaint, including
i. Current nature, location, and onset of the condition
b. Mechanism of injury
i. Cause of stress; position of the arm and elbow; direction of force
ii. Changes in throwing style, equipment, overhead motion techniques, or conditioning modes
c. Characteristics of the symptoms
i. Evolution of the onset, nature, location, severity, and duration of pain and weakness
ii. Presence of any unusual sounds or feelings at the time of injury
d. Disability resulting from the injury
e. Related medical history
i. Previous injuries to the area, congenital abnormalities, or family history

80
Q
  1. Describe the assessment of neural damage and circulatory impairment in the arm after a posterior elbow dislocation.
A

Answer: Myotomes: Isometric muscle testing of the myotomes is performed in the loose-packed position and include scapular elevation (C4), shoulder abduction (C5), elbow flexion and/or wrist extension (C6), elbow extension and/or wrist flexion (C7), thumb extension and/or ulnar deviation (C8), and abduction and/or adduction of the hand intrinsics (T1).
Reflex testing: Reflexes in the upper extremity include the biceps (C5–C6), brachioradialis (C6), and triceps (C7).
Dermatomes: Testing is performed bilaterally for altered sensation with sharp and dull touch by running the open hand and fingernails over the neck, shoulder, and anterior and posterior chest walls, and down both sides of the arms and hands. Refer to Figure 18.14 and Figure 18.15.
Circulation: The radial, brachial, and ulnar pulse should be checked as well as capillary refill of the nail beds.

81
Q
  1. Explain the management of common extensor tendinitis.
A

Answer:
The management of common extensor tendinitis involves:
a. Use ice, compression, elevation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and rest to limit pain and inflammation.
b. Immobilize the wrist in slight extension to allow functional use of the hand.
c. Use cryotherapy, ultrasound, thermotherapy, electrical muscle stimulation, interferential current, and/or friction massage over the extensor tendons to reduce pain and inflammation.
d. Avoid strong gripping activities and any activities that aggravate symptoms.
e. Perform stretching exercises within pain-free motion, including wrist flexion–extension, forearm pronation–supination, and radial and ulnar deviation.
f. Perform isotonic strengthening exercises, and add surgical tubing exercises as tolerated. Begin with fast contractions using light resistance.
g. Work up to three to five sets of 10 repetitions per session before moving on to heavier resistance.
h. Continue active range of motion and strengthening exercises for all shoulder, elbow, and wrist motions.
i. Incorporate closed chain exercises, such as press-ups, wall push-ups, or walking on the hands.
j. Perform a biomechanical analysis of the skills to determine if improper technique may have contributed to the problem, and make appropriate changes.
k. Return to full activity as tolerated, but continue stretching exercises before and after practice. Apply ice after practice to control any inflammation.

CATA exam (33 decks)

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