Chap 10 Flashcards
- What are the three phases in the healing process? How long does each phase last?
Answer: Healing of soft tissues is a three-phase process: inflammatory (0 to 6 days), proliferative (3 to 21 days), and maturation (up to 1+ year). These processes overlap both spatially and temporally.
- What is the significance of vasoconstriction in the first phase of the healing process?
Answer: By causing a reduction in the volume of blood flow in the region, an increase in blood viscosity, or resistance to the flow, the vasoconstriction reduces blood loss at the injury site.
What is the significance of the activation of the coagulation cascade in the first phase of the healing process?
Answer: It initiates the formation of a clot by converting fibrinogen molecules into fibrin.
What is exudate?
Answer: Material composed of fluid, pus, or cells that have escaped from blood vessels into surrounding tissues following injury or inflammation.
- What is phagocytosis?
Answer: Phagocytosis is the process of removing debris and infectious agents from the injury site. White blood cells surround and digest foreign particles, such as bacteria, necrotic tissue, and foreign particles.
- What are mast cells? What is their significance in the healing process?
Answer: Mast cells are connective tissue cells that carry heparin and histamine. They promote vasodilation.
- Explain the significance of angiogenesis and fibroplasia in the proliferative phase of healing.
Answer: Angiogenesis is the development of new blood vessels. Fibroplasia is the process of fibrous tissue formation. Fibroplasia and angiogenesis are interdependent processes that stabilize the wound site.
- Describe the strength of the healing tissue at 3 to 4 weeks postinjury and 3 to 4 months postinjury?
Answer: The tensile strength of the wound at 3 to 4 weeks is only approximately 25% of normal. After several more months, strength may still be as much as 30% below preinjury strength.
Describe scar tissue. What is the significance of movement in the remodeling phase?
Answer: Scar tissue is fibrous, inelastic, and nonvascular. It is less strong and less functional than the original tissues. The strength of the scar is enhanced through movement because collagen fibers become oriented along the lines of mechanical stress to which the tissue is subjected.
10.What role do growth factors play in the healing process?
Answer: Growth factors are proteins that play crucial roles during all three phases of the healing process. Their functions include attracting cells to the wound, stimulating their proliferation, and directing the deposition of the extracellular matrix.
- Identify the type of force that is responsible for producing the following injuries:
Place C, S, or F in the space provided (compressive force [C]; tensile force [T]; shearing/torsion force [S]).
_____ Ankle sprain
____ Spondylolisthesis
_____ Quadriceps strain
_____ Spiral tibial fracture
_____ Deltoid strain
_____ Patella dislocation
_____ Contusion
_____ Metatarsal fracture
_____ Cervical fracture
Answer:
__T___ Ankle sprain
__S___ Spondylolisthesis
__T___ Quadriceps strain
__S___ Spiral tibial fracture
__T___ Deltoid strain
__S___ Patella dislocation
__C___ Contusion
__C___ Metatarsal fracture
__C___ Cervical fracture
- Match the following sets of signs and symptoms to the appropriate injury.
Set 1 Pain during activity that does not restrict activity; mild pain when not active; general swelling
Set 2 Pain during activity that restricts activity; moderate pain when not active swelling; crepitus
Set 3 Crepitus upon movement; local swelling; inflammation; nodule formation
Set 4 Mild pain that does not restrict activity; no observable signs or symptoms
Set 5 Deep tenderness and pain; palpation of mass in tissue; superficial ecchymosis
Answer:
__1___ Stage 2 tendonitis
__2___ Stage 3 tendonitis
__5___ Myositis ossificans
__3___ Chronic tenosynovitis
__4___ First-degree sprain
- The amount of deformation an object undergoes in response to an applied force is termed
a. plasticity.
b. strain.
c. stress.
d. yield point.
b
- The collagen fibers in ligaments are arranged
a. in a parallel pattern.
b. in a perpendicular pattern.
c. in a multidirectional pattern.
d. largely parallel, but also are interwoven.
D
- The ability of a muscle to be stretched or increase in length is termed
a. contractility.
b. elasticity.
c. plasticity.
d. extensibility.
D
- Which of the following processes is not part of the proliferative phase of soft-tissue healing?
a. Angiogenesis
b. Fibroplasia
c. Phagocytosis
d. Reepithelialization
C
- What two potential effects occur when a force acts on an object?
a. Acceleration and deceleration
b. Acceleration and deformation
c. Deceleration and compression
d. Deceleration and deformation
B
- Which of the following would NOT be a macrotrauma injury?
a. Glenohumeral dislocation
b. Syndesmosis sprain
c. Hip pointer
d. Achilles tendinitis
D
- A tendon begins to develop tears when it is stretched approximately ___ beyond normal length.
a. 2% to 5%
b. 5% to 8%
c. 8% to 10%
d. 0% to 13%
C
- The common mechanism of injury for a muscle contusion is
a. compression.
b. tension.
c. shear.
d. torsion.
A
- Rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, and loss of function are symptoms of
a. fractures.
b. concussions.
c. abrasions.
d. inflammation.
D
- Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the bone’s
a. apophyseal plates.
b. cortical plates.
c. epiphyseal plates.
d. periosteal plates.
C
- True or False? In tendons, the collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel pattern, enabling resistance to high, unidirectional tensile loads when the attached muscle contracts
T
- True or False? Compact bone tissue of relatively high density is termed cortical bone.
F
- The product of force and its moment is called
a. torque.
b. axial loading.
c. anisotropic.
d. elastic limit.
A
- A force that acts parallel tangent to a plane passing through the object is called a
a. bending force.
b. tensile force.
c. compressive force.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
E
- Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Ligaments resist large tensile loads along their long axis.
b. Ligaments resist small tensile loads from directions other than along their long axis.
c. Ligaments resist large tensile loads from directions other than along their long axis.
d. Ligaments contain more elastin than tendons.
C
- Crepitus with movement, inflammation, local swelling, and nodule formation in the tendon sheath are characteristics of
a. acute tenosynovitis.
b. chronic tenosynovitis.
c. tendonitis.
d. myositis ossificans.
B
- Muscle spasm is caused by
a. a muscle imbalance.
b. muscle fatigue.
c. a decrease in electrolytes.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
E
- Fascia is classified as
a. superficial
b. deep
c. visceralor parietal
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
D
- Remodeling of bone tissue involves osteoblast activity on the _____ side of the fracture.
a. concave
b. convex
c. epiphyseal
d. tension
A
- _____ explains that bones remodel and adapt to forces placed upon them.
a. Wolff law
b. Grotthus-Draper law
c. Hunting response
d. Theory of specificity
A
- Random regrowth of a nerve after injury is called a
a. hyponeuromesis.
b. hyperneromesia.
c. neuroma.
d. neurotmesis.
C
- ___________ joints permit flexion and extension only and can be seen at the elbow and nterphalangeal joints.
a. hinge
b. pivot
c. condyloid
d. diarthroses
A
35.____________ These biaxial joints permit all angular motions, namely, flexion, extension,abduction, adduction, and circumduction. The key characteristic of these joints is that both articulating surfaces are oval.
Pivot
Condyloid
Ball and socket
Plane
B
