ch7 (life span development) Flashcards
neonate
birth to 1 month of age
infant
from 1 month to 1 year of age
the head accounts for how much of a neonate’s body weight?
25%
what is the usual weight for a neonate?
6 to 8 pounds
prior to birth where does the fetal blood supply come from?
the mother via the placenta
barotrauma
pressure induced trauma (from too much pressure in the lungs)
how much does a neonate grow per day?
1 ounce (16oz=1 pound)
at birth, neonates make the transition from….
fetal to independent circulation
why is airway obstruction so common in infants?
because they have larger tongues and shorter, narrower airways
neonates are primarily…
nose breathers
Moro reflex
neonate opens arms wide, spreads fingers, and seems to grab at things
when does the neonate display the Moro reflex?
when neonates are caught off guard and startled
palmar grasp
occurs when an object is placed in the neonate’s palm he/she instantly grasps the object
rooting reflex
neonate instinctively turns head when something touches its cheek
sucking reflex
occurs when a neonate’s lips are stroked
fontanelles
spaces between the bones that eventually fuse to form the skull
when do fontanelles disappear?
usually at 18 months
while still in the womb the neonate’s immune system is supported by…
the mother’s antibodies delivered through placental blood flow (infants continue to carry some of this immunity)
for neonates what is the main method of communicating distress?
crying
neonate psychosocial changes: 2 months
- recognize familiar faces
- uses eyes to track people and objects
neonate psychosocial changes: 3 months
- brings objects to the mouth
- smiles and frowns
neonate psychosocial changes: 4 months
- reaches arms out to people
- drools
neonate psychosocial changes: 2 months
- recognize familiar faces
- uses eyes to track people and objects
neonate psychosocial changes: 5 months
- sleeps throughout the night
- distinguishes family members from strangers
neonate psychosocial changes: 6 months
- begins teething
- sits upright
- speaks one-syllable words
neonate psychosocial changes: 7 months
- afraid of strangers
- displays mood swings
neonate psychosocial changes: 8 months
- responds to “no”
- can sit alone
- plays peek-a-boo
neonate psychosocial changes: 9 months
- pulls self up to stand
- explores objects by placing them in his or her mouth
neonate psychosocial changes: 10 months
- responds to his or her name
- crawls efficiently
neonate psychosocial changes: 11 month
- begins to walk without assistance
- becomes frustrated by restrictions
neonate psychosocial changes: 12 months
- knows his or her name
- walks
bonding is based on…
a secure attachment
anxious avoidant attachment is found in…
infants who are repeatedly rejected
separation anxiety is found in…
older infants
______ and _____ involves an infant’s needs being met
trust and mistrust
trust versus mistrust
- birth to 18 months of age
during which infants gain trust in their parents or caregivers if their world is planned, organized, and routine
toddler
1 to 3 yrs old
preschooler
3 to 6 yrs old
school-age
6 to 12 yrs old
pulse, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure for toddlers
pulse: 80 to 140 beats
respiratory rate: 20 to 25 breaths
systolic blood pressure: 80 to 100 mmHg
what is the average age for completion of toilet training?
28 months
adolescent
12-18 yrs old
pulse, respirations, and systolic blood pressure of adolescents
pulse: 60-100 beats/min
respirations: 12 to 20 breaths/min
systolic blood pressure: 90 to 110 mmHg
preconventional reasoning
when a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment or to get what he/she wants
what are the types of reasoning school-age children experience?
- preconventional reasoning
- conventional reasoning
- postconventional reasoning
conventional reasoning
behavior is more motivated by the approval of peers and society (follow rules for positive relationships and acceptance)
post conventional reasoning
individual begins to base decisions on an internalized moral compass (conscience)
early adult
19 to 40 years old
pulse, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure of an early adult
pulse: 70 beats/mine
respiratory rate: 12 to 20 breaths/min
systolic blood pressure: 90 and 120 mmHg
middle adult
41 to 60 years of age
middle adults become more susceptible to…
- vision and hearing loss
- cardiovascular health concern
- incidence of cancer increases
life expectancy
the average number of years a person can be expected to live
older adult
an adult 61 years or older
atherosclerosis
the buildup of cholesterol and calcium along the inner walls of blood vessels, resulting in the formation of plaque
what happens when plaque accumulates?
the flow of blood through vessels becomes restricted or blocked entirely
nephron
filter blood within the kidney
during a life-threatening illness how does the body preserve blood pressure?
increasing heart rate (this may cause damage to the heart)
why does diastolic blood pressure increase in older adults?
their vascular system becomes stiff and blood vessels cannot dilate+contract as effectively, so the heart works harder to move blood throughout the body
the loss of bone marrow equals…
a reduction in new blood cells being produced
in older adults the airway….
increases in size
in older adults the surface area of alveoli…
decreases
why is breathing harder for older adults?
- the airway increases and size
- and the surface area of the alveoli decreases
