ch17 (cardiovascular emergencies) Flashcards
atrium
upper chamber; receives incoming blood
ventricle
lower chamber; pumps outgoing blood
aorta
body’s main artery; receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all other arteries
the right side of the heart…
receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body
after contraction of the right ventricle…
blood flows into the pulmonary artery and travels through the pulmonary circulation
the left side of the hard receives…
oxygenates blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
automaticity
allows a cardiac muscle cell to contract spontaneously without stimulus from a nerve cell
autonomic nervous system
part of the brain that controls involuntary actions (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion)
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
-increases heart rate, respiratory rate and depth
parasympathetic nervous system
relaxation (rest and digest)
-slows the heart and respiratory rates
myocardium
heart muscle
cardiac output is increased by…
increasing heart rate or stroke volume
dilation
widening
coronary arteries
blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the heart
aortic valve
between left ventricle and aorta that keeps blood from back flowing into the left ventricle
anterior
front
posterior
back
superior vena cava
upper; carries blood from the head and arms back to the right atrium
inferior vena cava
carries blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and legs back to the right atrium
the superior and inferior vena cavae join at the…
right atrium of the heart
the superior and inferior vena cavae join at the…
right atrium of the heart
blood pressure
the force of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries
systolic blood pressure
maximum pressure generated in the arms and legs during the contraction of the left ventricle
diastolic blood pressure
pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries while the left ventricle is at rest
cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
-the volume of blood that passes through the heart in 1 minute
perfusion
constant flow of oxygenated blood to the tissues
ischemia
decreased blood flow to the myocardium; chest pain or discomfort relating to the heart; lack of oxygen
thromboembolism
blood clot that is floating through blood vessels until it reaches a narrow space, causing it to stop and block the blood flow at that point
acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
heart attack; occurs if there’s a blockage in the coronary artery
-pressure pain (elephant sitting on chest)
infarction
tissue death
cardiac arrest
heart fails to generate effective blood flow; pulses are not palpable
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
a group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia
(angina and myocardial infarction)
angina pectoris
-usually during periods of physical or emotional stress
temporary chest pain due to blockage of blood flow to the heart
pain of an AMI:
- may or may not be caused by exertion
- lasts between 30 mins and several hours
- may not be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
syncope
fainting
dysrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm; ventricle fibrillation (VF)
tachycardia
rapid breathing of the heart; 100 beats/min or more
bradycardia
unusually slow beating of the heart; 60 beats/min or less
ventricular tachycardia
rapid heart rhythm; 150 to 200 beats/min
can lead to cardiac arrest
ventricular fibrillation
disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles; no blood is pumped through the body, a state of cardiac arrest
defibrillate
to shock the heart with an electric current to stop the chaotic contraction of the myocardial cells and allow them to start again in a synchronized manner
asystole
absence of all heart electrical activity; most PTs will die
cardiogenic shock
lack of oxygen to body tissues
congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart loses some ability to pump blood, usually because of damaged heart muscle; fluid backs up into the lungs
dependent edema
collection of fluid in the part of the body that is closest to the ground; may indicate underlying heart disease
hypertension
systolic BP >130 mmHg
diastolic BP >80 mmHg
hypertensive emergency
systolic pressure greater than 180 mmHg in the presence of organ damage; sign is a severe headache
aortic aneurysm
weakness in the wall of the aorta; aorta dilates at the weakened area and makes it susceptible to rupture
-feels like a tearing pain
dissecting aneurysm
occurs when inner layers of the aorta become separated, allowing blood to flow between the layers
if a patient is having any difficulty breathing or low oxygen saturation….
administer oxygen at 4L/min via a nasal cannula
the presence of crackles indicate…
fluid in the lungs
wet-sounding lungs indicate…
fluid is being moved into the lungs from the circulatory system (maybe because of a heart problem)
aspirin function
prevents new clots from forming or existing clots from getting bigger
nitroglycerin function
dilates coronary arteries; decrease in blood pressure and severe headache, increases blood flow+oxygen to the heart
if systolic blood pressure is less than _______ mmHg do not give nitroglycerin
100 mmHg
the maximum prescribed dose of nitroglycerin is…
three doses
artifact
ECG tracing with waves that are a result of interference (patient movement)
return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)
return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest
return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)
return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest
atherosclerosis
cholesterol and calcium build up inside blood vessel wall leading to partial or complete flow blockage
lumen
inside diameter of an artery
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction
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