ch20 (endocrine+hematologic emergencies) Flashcards
endocrine system
communication system that controls functions inside the body; maintains homeostasis
endocrine glands
glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body
hormones
chemical substances produced by a gland that goes to another organs
endocrine disorders are caused by…
an internal communication problem
hypersecretion
more hormone
hyposecretion
not producing enough hormone
glucose
basic sugars, primary fuel for cellular respiration
insulin
necessary for glucose to enter the cells for metabolism
what are the 2 hormones stored in the pancreas?
- glucagon
- insulin
diabetes mellitus
disorder of glucose metabolism; body cannot get glucose into the cells to be used for energy
hyperglycemia
blood glucose level is above normal
hypoglycemia
blood glucose level is below normal
signs+symptoms of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
altered mental status
can present as alcohol intoxication
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disorder; immune system produces antibodies against the pancreatic beta cells, cannot produce insulin
-without insulin glucose cannot enter the cell, cell cannot produce energy
normal blood glucose level is between
80 and 120 mg/dL
polyuria
frequent urination
(in diabetes: wasting of glucose in the urine)
polydipsia
increased thirst (leads to electrolyte abnormalities)
polyphagia
increased food intake
Kussmaul respirations
deep, rapid breathing
accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes where certain acids accumulate when insulin isn’t available
what are signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis
- abdominal pain
- body aches
- nausea
- vomiting
- altered mental status or unconsciousness
a patient with DKA will have a glucose level higher than…
400 mg/dL
type 2 diabetes
caused by resistance to the effect of insulin at the cellular level
-obesity
symptomatic hyperglycemia
occurs when blood glucose levels are very high
-state of unconsciousness
what are signs and symptoms of symptomatic hyperglycemia?
- frequent urination
- increased thirst
- blurred vision
- fatigue
in type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to…
ketoacidosis and dehydration
in type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to…
dehydration
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
life-threatening; result from high blood glucose that causes altered mental status, dehydration and organ damage
symptomatic hypoglycemia
a patient’s blood glucose drops and must be corrected
- can result in changes in mental status
symptomatic hypoglycemia
a patient’s blood glucose drops and must be corrected
signs+symptoms of hypoglycemia
cool, clammy, diaphoretic
confusion
slow shallow respirations
signs+symptoms of hyperglycemia
hot, dry, flushed skin
comatose (deep unconsciousness, unresponsive)
Cheynne stokes respirations (fast and deep breaths to slow and shallow)
a patient who it hyperglycemic may have…
Kussmaul respirations (rapid, deep) and fruity breath
the blood glucose level in neonate’s should be above…
70 mg/dL
acidosis
buildup of excess acid in the blood
seizures are often caused by…
hypoglycemia
what are contraindications to oral glucose?
inability to swallow and unconsciousness (it can cause aspiration)
hematology
the study of blood-related diseases
sickle cell disease
inherited blood disorder that effects RBCs; odd-shaped cells protect from contracting malaria
-cells lead to dysfunctional oxygen binding and unintentional clot formation
vasoocclusive crisis
ischemia and pain caused by sickle-shaped RBCs that obstruct blood flow to a portion of the body
hemophilia
decreased ability to create a clot after an injury; extended bleeding
thrombosis
a blood clot in the arterial or venous system
thrombophilia
disorder in the body’s ability to maintain viscosity and smooth flow of blood; results in blood clotting easily
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
occurs in sedentary and patients who have had recent injury or surgery
-blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body (usually the leg)
