ch16 (respiratory emergencies) Flashcards
dyspnea
difficulty breathing/shortness of breath
respiration
exchange of oxygen for CO2
why co2 in the blood necessary?
1.stimulates breathing
2. helps maintain pH level
normal breathing rate for adults
12-20 breaths/min
normal breathing rate for children
15-30 breaths/min
normal breathing rate for infants
30-60 breaths/min
carbon dioxide retention
high blood level of co2 where the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of co2
ventilation
exchange of air between the lungs and environment
hypoxic drive
low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive
hypoxia
body’s cells and tissues do not get enough oxygen
atelectasis
collapse of alveolar air spaces in the lungs
bronchitis
chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue
orthopnea
severe dyspnea experienced when lying down and relieved when sitting up
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
severe shortness of breath; especially at night after lying down, person is forced to sit up to breathe
diphtheria
infectious disease where a lining forms in the larynx obstruct the passage of air into it
oxygenation
delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs
croup
caused by inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea
-acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract seen in children between 6 months and 3 yrs
what are hallmark signs of croup?
stridor and a seal-bark cough
epiglottitis
bacterial infection; inflammation of the epiglottis
-mainly occurs in infants and children
what are some signs of epiglottitis?
tripod position and drooling; stridor
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
infection in the lungs and breathing passages and can lead to other serious illnesses
-highly contagious spreads through droplets
bronchiolitis
respiratory illness caused by RSV; severe inflammation of the bronchioles
-occurs most frequently in newborns and toddlers
pneumonia
infection of the lungs (secondary infection)
pertussis
-whooping cough
-airborne bacterial infection that affects children under 6 yrs
influenza type A
animal respiratory disease that has mutated to affect humans
-transmitted by direct contact
pandemic
an outbreak that occurs on a global scale
COVID-19
respiratory disease; primarily affecting the elderly
-transmitted by aerosol droplets
tuberculosis (TB)
bacterial infection; spreads by cough
-most commonly found in the lungs but can be found in any organ
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid within the alveoli and lung tissue
-a result of congestive heart failure
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible
chronic bronchitis
ongoing irritation of the trachea and bronchi
-occurs because of infectious disease or irritants (smoking)
emphysema
loss of the elastic material in the lungs
the most common form of COPD is …
emphysema
allergen
substance that causes an allergic reaction
asthma
acute spasm of the bronchioles because of excessive mucus production
hay fever
allergic rhinitis causes coldlike symptoms
-symptoms are caused by an an allergic response
anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction due to airway swelling and dilation of blood vessels; may include shock+respiratory failure
-may lower blood pressure
pneumothorax
accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity
pleuritic chest pain
sharp, stabbing pain on one side that is worse during inspiration and expiration or with certain movement of the chest wall
pleural effusion
collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung
embolus
blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage of blood flow
pulmonary embolism
blood clot formed in a vein that breaks off and circulates through the venous system
acidosis
buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that results from the primary illness
alkalosis
buildup of excess base (lack of acid) in body fluids
hyperventilation syndrome
associated with panic attacks; occurs in the absence of physical problems
(40 shallow breaths/min or 20 deep breaths/min)
carbon monoxide
colorless, tasteless, poisonous gas
hyperventilation
rapid breathing where the level of carbon dioxide falls below normal
how is carbon monoxide produced?
fuel-burning household appliances (heaters, grills, generators)
vesicular breath sounds
normal breath sounds
bronchial breath sounds
normal breath sounds
adventitious breath sounds
decreased, absent or abnormal breath sounds (wheezing, stridor, rhonchi and crackles)
wheezing
constriction and/or inflammation in the bronchus
-high-pitched heard on exhalation
crackles
sounds of air trying to pass through fluid in the alveoli
-crackling/bubbling sound heard on inspiration
crackle sounds are often a result of….
congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema
rhonchi
low-pitched rattling sounds caused by secretions or mucus in the larger airway (can be heard with infections)
stridor
high-pitched sounds hear don inspiration as air tries to pass through an obstruction in the upper airway
what does wheezing suggest?
obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways
what does wheezing suggest?
obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways
PASTE
Progression
Associated chest pain
Sputum
Talking tiredness
Exercise tolerance
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
mini spray canister used to direct substances through the mouth and into the lungs
small-volume nebulizer
works by providing a means for a fine mist of aerosolized medicine to get deep into the patient’s lungs and start to work quickly
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
noninvasive means of providing ventilatory support for patients experiencing respiratory distress associated with COPD
CPAP functions:
- increases pressure in the lungs
- pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane
- forces interstitial fluid back into the pulmonary circulation
