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EMT class > ch6 (the human body) > Flashcards

ch6 (the human body) Flashcards

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1
Q

anatomy

A

focuses on the physical structure of the body and its systems

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2
Q

physiology

A

examines the normal functions and activities of the biologic components in the body

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3
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

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4
Q

umbilicus

A

the navel

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5
Q

topographic anatomy

A

superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures beneath them

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6
Q

directional terminology ensures ________ and _________ between providers

A

consistency and clarity of communication

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7
Q

anatomic position

A

patient is standing forward with arms at the side with palms facing forward

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8
Q

coronal plane

A

frontal
-runs vertically
-divides body from front to back

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9
Q

sagittal plane

A

lateral
-runs vertically
-divides the body from left to right

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10
Q

midsagittal plane

A

midline
-divides the body into equal left and right halves

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11
Q

transverse plane

A

axial
-runs horizontally
-divides the body into top and bottom sections

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12
Q

what is the foundation of the human body?

A

cells

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13
Q

cells that share a common function grow close to each other and form…

A

tissues

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13
Q

groups of tissues that perform similar jobs form…

A

organs

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13
Q

organs with similar functions form…

A

different body systems

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14
Q

what functions does the skeletal system form?

A
  1. provide structural support to bear the body’s weight
  2. establish a framework to attach soft tissues and internal organs
  3. protect vital organs such as the heart and lungs
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15
Q

skeletal system

A

the framework of the body composed of bones and other connective tissues

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16
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the longitudinal axis of the body
-comprised of the skull, vertebral column and the rib cage

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17
Q

coccyx

A

the last 3-4 vertebrae of the spine
(the tail bone)

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18
Q

thoracic cage

A

the chest or rib cage

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19
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

comprised of the upper and lower extremities and the points by which they connect with the axial skeleton
-arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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20
Q

joint

A

where two bones meet

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21
Q

ligament

A

the fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone
-supports+strengthens joints

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22
Q

cartilage

A

flexible tissues that covers and cushions the ends of articulating bones

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23
Q

cartilage forms the support structure of what system?

A

the skeletal system

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24
Q

what kind of tissue is cartilage?

A

smooth connective tissue

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25
Q

tendons

A

tissues that attach bone to muscle

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26
Q

what kind of tissue are tendons?

A

fibrous connective tissue

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27
Q

symphyses

A

joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
(ex: cranial bones of the skull)

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28
Q

joint capsule

A

a fibrous sac that holds together the ends of a joint

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29
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

surrounded thick ligaments and have little motion
-connective point between the pelvis and vertebral column

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30
Q

articular cartilage

A

a thin layer that covers the ends of the bones in moving joints (synovial joints)

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31
Q

synovial membrane

A

found on the inner lining of the joint capsule
-responsible for making synovial fluid

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32
Q

synovial fluid

A

oil-like substance that allows the bones to glide over each other (instead of grating against each other, basically a lubricant)

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33
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

allows internal+external rotation and bending

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34
Q

hinge joints

A

restricted motion
-only bending (flexion) and straightening (extension)

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35
Q

flexion

A

the bending of a joint

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36
Q

how many bones does the skull consist of?

A

28

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36
Q

extension

A

straightening of a joint

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37
Q

what are the 3 groups the skull is divided into?

A
  1. the cranium
  2. the facial bones
  3. three small bones in the ear
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38
Q

the cranium comprises of…

A

frontal bones
temporal bones
parietal bones
occipital bone
ethmoid bone
sphenoid bone

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39
Q

cranium

A

part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of 8 bones

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40
Q

foramen magnum

A

a large opening at the base of the cranium
-serves as the passageway for the spinal cord to connect with the brain and descend into the spinal or vertebral column

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41
Q

maxillae

A

upper jawbones
(assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth)

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42
Q

mandible

A

the lower jawbone

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43
Q

zygomas

A

cheek bones

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44
Q

orbit

A

eye socket (not a bone but a cavity formed by the joining of multiple facial bones)

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45
Q

the upper third of the nose is made up of…

A

short nasal bones that form the bridge of the nose

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45
Q

2/3 of the nose consists of…

A

cartilage

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45
Q

there are ___ vertebrae in the vertebral column

A

33

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45
Q

vertebrae

A

the bones of the vertebral column

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45
Q

cervical spine

A

consisting of the first 7 vertebrae that lie in the neck

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45
Q

thoracic spine

A

12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae

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45
Q

lumbar spine

A

lower part of the back formed by the lowest 5 confused vertebrae

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45
Q

sacrum

A

joins the iliac bones to the pelvis
consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae

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45
Q

intervertebral disks

A

shock-absorbing structures that are in between vertebrae

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45
Q

what provides a limited degree of motion while preventing any extreme movement that might harm the spinal cord?

A

intervertebral disks

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45
Q

thorax

A

chest

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45
Q

what does the thorax comprise of?

A

heart
lungs
esophagus
great vessels (aorta, superior+inferior vena cavae)

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45
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

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45
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A
  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid process
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45
Q

manubrium

A

the upper quarter of the sternum

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45
Q

what’s the largest part of the sternum?

A

the sternal body (body)

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45
Q

xiphoid process

A

the lower tip of the sternum

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45
Q

pectoral girdle

A

shoulder

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45
Q

what does the pectoral girdle comprise of?

A

the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)

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45
Q

humerus

A

the supporting bone of the upper arm

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46
Q

radius

A

the bone on the thumb side of the forearm

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47
Q

what are the 2 bones that make up the forearm?

A

radius+ulna

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48
Q

ulna

A

the inner bone of the forearm on the pinky side

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49
Q

carpals

A

the bones that form the wrist

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50
Q

metacarpals

A

form the palm of the hand (extend from the carpals)

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51
Q

phalanges

A

bones of the fingers and toes

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52
Q

pelvic girdle

A

supporting structure for the legs (connects the legs to the axial skeleton)

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53
Q

what does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A
  1. coxae
  2. sacrum
  3. coccyx
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54
Q

coxae

A

the hip bones

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55
Q

each coxa is formed by the fusion of what bones?

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
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56
Q

ilium

A

1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvis ring

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57
Q

ischium

A

1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvis ring

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58
Q

pubis

A

1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvis ring

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59
Q

pubic symphysis

A

a joint between your left pelvic bone and your right pelvic bone
(helps your pelvis absorb some of the weight from your upper body before it travels to your lower body)

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60
Q

acetabulum

A

the socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits.

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61
Q

femur

A

thighbone
-longest and strongest bone in the body

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62
Q

femoral head

A

femur’s rounded superior end
-forms the hip joint

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63
Q

greater trochanter

A

located at the top of the thighbone (femur) and is the most prominent and widest part of the hip

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64
Q

lesser trochanter

A

found on the medial side of the femur inferior to the femoral neck

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65
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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66
Q

what bones comprise the lower leg?

A

tibia and fibula

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67
Q

tibia

A

shinbone (larger of the two bones)

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68
Q

fibula

A

lies on the lateral side of the lower leg (the smaller bone)

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69
Q

malleolus

A

the ankle bone; a rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle

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70
Q

the foot comprises the…

A

tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

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71
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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72
Q

talus

A

the large bone in the ankle

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73
Q

what articulates with the talus to form the ankle?

A

the distal ends of tibia and fibula

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74
Q

the bottom surface of the foot is called the…

A

plantar surface

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75
Q

the top of the foot is described as…

A

the dorsum or dorsal surface

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76
Q

what is essential to the formation of hard, resilient bones?

A

calcium

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77
Q

muscle

A

a form of tissue that facilitates movement

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78
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. skeletal
  2. smooth
  3. cardiac
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79
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attaches to the bone of the skeleton usually crosses at least one joint
-accounts for the bulk of human muscle mass

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80
Q

why is skeletal muscle sometimes called striated muscle?

A

because of its striped appearance

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81
Q

voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscle
-another way to say skeletal muscle because: its movements are under control of the brain

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82
Q

involuntary muscle

A

smooth+cardiac muscle
the muscle over which a person has no conscious control

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83
Q

smooth muscle

A

found within blood vessels+intestines

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84
Q

cardiac muscle

A

can generate its own electrical impulses
the heart muscle

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85
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

the bones and voluntary muscles of the body
(musculoskeletal means partnership between bone and muscle)

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86
Q

biceps

A

the muscles of the upper arm

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87
Q

where are the biceps located?

A

anterior aspect of the humerus

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88
Q

triceps

A

3-headed muscle of the back of the arm that functions to straighten the elbow

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89
Q

what are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  1. production of heat
  2. protect internal organs
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90
Q

respiratory system

A

responsible for breathing and the exchange of oxygen and co2 that occurs in the lungs

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91
Q

where are the structures of the upper airway located?

A

anteriorly at the midline

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92
Q

what are the structures that are included in the upper airway?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
  4. larynx (voice box)
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93
Q

nasopharynx

A

upper section of the pharynx that connects with the nasal cavity above the soft palate (root of the mouth)

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94
Q

what marks the transition point from the upper airway to lower airway?

A

epiglottis/vocal cords

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95
Q

trachea

A

wind pipe

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96
Q

what happens if there’s any contact w/ the larynx?

A

a violent episode of coughing and spasm of the vocal chords (the larynx does not tolerate any solid or liquid materials)

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97
Q

epiglottis

A

a leaf-shaped flap that keeps food and liquid out of the trachea while permitting air to pass to the trachea

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98
Q

structures of the lower airway include…

A

trachea
bronchial tree
alveoli
lungs

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99
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

Adam’s apple
anterior midline portion of the neck

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100
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

below the thyroid cartilage, forms the lower part of the larynx

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101
Q

circothyroid membrane

A

between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage (which make up the larynx)

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102
Q

the trachea is made up of…

A

rings of cartilage

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103
Q

what do rings of cartilage do in the trachea?

A

keep the trachea from collapsing when air moves into and out of the lungs

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104
Q

what lobes are in the right lung?

A

upper, middle, lower

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105
Q

what are the lobes in the left lung?

A

upper and lower

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106
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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107
Q

what are the functional units of the respiratory system?

A

alveoli

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108
Q

pleura

A

smooth tissue that covers each lung

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109
Q

visceral pleura

A

covering the lungs

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110
Q

parietal pleura

A

lining the chest wall

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111
Q

pleural space

A

between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura (under normal conditions the space does not exist)

112
Q

what is the primary muscle of breathing?

A

diaphragm

113
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle that divides the thorax from the abdomen and is pierced by the esophagus

114
Q

how does the diaphragm behave?

A

like an involuntary muscle

115
Q

during inhalation what happens?

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract

116
Q

during exhalation what happens?

A

the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax

117
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of air between the lungs and the environment (requires chest rise and fall)

118
Q

respiration

A

is the process of gas exchange
-provides oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide

119
Q

diffusion

A

where molecules from a high concentration go to a lower concentration

120
Q

what controls breathing?

A

the brainstem

121
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid around the brain and spinal cord that cushion these structures and filter our impurities+toxins

122
Q

the primary reason you breath is to…

A

lower your level of carbon dioxide

123
Q

hypoxic drive

A

the backup system to control respiration
-senses drops in oxygen levels in the blood

124
Q

the function of the medulla is to…

A

keep you breathing without having to think about it (controls the rhythm of breathing, initiates respiration, sets the base pattern for respirations…)

125
Q

the pons

A

area in the brainstem that augment respiration during emotional or physical stress

126
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air that is moved in+out of the lungs in one breath

127
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the deepest breath you can take after a normal breath

128
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation

129
Q

residual volume

A

when gas remains in the lungs after exhalation to keep the lungs open

130
Q

dead space

A

the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and no gas exchange occurs

131
Q

what is considered dead space?

A

mouth, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

132
Q

minute volume

A

a measure used to assess ventilation
-the amount of air that moves in and out in 1 minute

133
Q

Minute volume=

A

respiratory rate x tidal volume

134
Q

labored breathing

A

significant effort to breath (may require the use of accessory muscles in the chest, neck, abdomen)

135
Q

agonal gasps

A

occasional gasping breaths

136
Q

when do agonal gasps occur?

A

when the respiratory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles

137
Q

circulatory system

A

an arrangement of connected tubules that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and cellular waste throughout the body

138
Q

what are the 2 circuits in the body?

A

systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

139
Q

systemic circulation

A

circuit in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium (outside of the heart and lungs)

140
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circuit in the lungs that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium

141
Q

heart

A

a hollow muscle organ that pumps blood throughout the body

142
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle

143
Q

the left side of the heart is more…

A

muscular

144
Q

the septum…

A

divides the heart down the middle into right and left sides

145
Q

atrium

A

upper chamber of the heart

146
Q

ventricle

A

lower chamber of the heart

147
Q

what does the left side of the heart do?

A

pump blood to the body (a high pressure pump)

148
Q

what does the right side of the heart do?

A

supplies blood to the lungs (a low pressure pump)

149
Q

the heart muscle’s blood supply comes from the …

A

aorta

150
Q

the right side of the heart receives blood from the ….

A

veins of the body

151
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the 4 veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

152
Q

valves prevent…

A

backflow of blood and keep it moving through the circulatory system

153
Q

chordae tendineae

A

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

154
Q

heart rate

A

the number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)

155
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

the amount of blood moved in one beat

156
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

the amount of blood moved in 1 minute

157
Q

Cardiac Output=

A

CO=HRxSV
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

158
Q

the arteries carry blood from the heart to…

A

all body tissues

159
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of the artery

160
Q

aorta

A

the main artery on the left side of the heart
-carries oxygenated blood to the body

161
Q

pulmonary artery

A

right side of the heart
-carried oxygen depleted blood to the lungs

162
Q

arterioles

A

smallest branches of the artery leading to capillaries

163
Q

pulse

A

pumping of blood out of the left ventricle into the major arteries

164
Q

capillary vessels

A

divisions of the arterial system that allow contact between blood and the cells of tissues

165
Q

superior vena cava

A

carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities

166
Q

inferior vena cava

A

blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities pass through here

167
Q

the superior and inferior venae cavae join at…

A

the right atrium of the heart

168
Q

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

the resistance to blood flow in all blood vessels expect pulmonary vessels

169
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
-carry oxygen

170
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes
-used in the body’s immune system against infection

171
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in red blood cells
-a protein that carries oxygen

172
Q

platelets

A

used to form blood clots (to stop bleeding)

173
Q

plasma

A

the liquid portion of the blood (contains nutrients)

174
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

175
Q

spleen

A

removes old/damaged red blood cells
filters blood

176
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

the force of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries

177
Q

systole

A

the contraction of the heart, especially the ventricles

178
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles

179
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff
-measures systolic and diastolic pressure

180
Q

perfusion

A

the circulation of blood in an organ or tissue

181
Q

hypoperfusion

A

inadequate perfusion/shock

182
Q

shock

A

when the circulatory system doesn’t provide enough circulation to maintain normal cellular functions (hypoperfusion)

183
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

the average arterial pressure during systole and diastole

184
Q

MAP=

A

MAP= (HRxSV) x SVR
mean arterial pressure= (heart rate x stroke volume) x systemic vascular resistance

185
Q

interstitial space

A

space between the cells

186
Q

intracellular space

A

within the cell

187
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

when fluid pushes against the vessel walls to force fluid out of the capillary

188
Q

oncotic pressure

A

the pressure of water to move into the capillary because of plasma proteins

189
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

190
Q

norepinephrine

A

noradrenaline (sometimes used in the treatment of shock)

191
Q

alpha adrenergic receptors

A

portions of the nervous system that can constrict blood vessels

192
Q

beta adrenergic receptors

A

portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of the contraction of the heart

193
Q

adrenergic

A

related to the adrenal gland

194
Q

the main function of the cardiovascular system is to…

A

perfuse blood throughout the body

195
Q

nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves
controls voluntary+involuntary processes in the body

196
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

197
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

198
Q

somatic nervous system

A

regulates activities that we have voluntary control over (walking, talking, writing)

199
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

control autonomic functions (digestion, dilation, constrictions of blood vessels)

200
Q

brain

A

controls all the functions of the body, assembles and interprets the information received through the body’s various scenes

201
Q

what are the 3 major subdivisions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
202
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain
-responsible for higher brain functions (what we see, hear, or feel; encoding and decoding speech; muscle movements, etc.)

203
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

204
Q

each hemisphere of the brain has how many lobes?

A

4
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

205
Q

control of one side of the body belongs to…

A

the hemisphere on the opposite side

206
Q

cerebellum

A

beneath the cerebrum
-controls balance, muscle coordination, and posture

207
Q

brain stem

A

acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
-controls all voluntary and involuntary life-sustaining functions

208
Q

the brainstem comprises the

A

midbrain, pongs, and medulla oblongata

209
Q

midbrain

A

regulates the level of consciousness, reticular activating system, muscle tone, posture

210
Q

pons

A

handles unconscious processes (sleep-wake cycle and breathing)
-middle portion of the brain stem

211
Q

medulla oblongata

A

bottom-most part of the brain
-controls vital processes like heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure

212
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

a network of neurons in the upper brainstem
-regulates consciousness and level of arousal

213
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

filters out impurities and toxins and absorbs shocks

214
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision+storage of visual memories

215
Q

parietal lobe

A

sense of touch+texture; storage of those memories

216
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, smell, and language; storage of sound and odor memories

217
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary muscle control and storage of those memories

218
Q

prefrontal area

A

judgement+predicting consequences of actions, abstract intellectual functions

219
Q

limbic system

A

basic emotions, basic reflexes (chewing, swallowing)

220
Q

diencephalon (thalamus)

A

relay center; filters important signals from routine signals

221
Q

diencephalons (hypothalamus)

A

emotions, temperature control, interface with endocrine system (hormone control)

222
Q

spinal cord

A

reflexes, relays information to and from body
-extension of the brainstem

223
Q

cranial nerves

A

brainstem to head and neck; special peripheral nerves that connect directly to body parts

224
Q

peripheral nerves

A

brain to spinal cord to body part; receive stimulus from body, send commands to body

225
Q

the primary function of the spinal cord is to…

A

transmit messages between the brain and body

226
Q

the autonomic nervous system is divided into…

A

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

227
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

responsible for fight-or-flight that occurs under stress

228
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slows the body’s activities or return the body to its resting state (involuntary functions)

229
Q

what are the types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

A

sensory nerves and motor nerves

230
Q

sensory nerves

A

transmits messages to the brain

231
Q

motor nerves

A

carry information from the brain to the muscles

232
Q

axons

A

extend to skeletal muscles

233
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

under the dermis, insulates the body

234
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer; skin’s surface

235
Q

epidermis function

A
  1. protection
  2. prevents microorganisms from getting into the body
  3. prevents fluids from escaping
236
Q

scalp

A

thick skin covering the cranium, has hair

237
Q

germinal layer

A

innermost layer; makes new skin cells

238
Q

stratum corneum

A

exposed surface layer of the skin (outermost layer)

239
Q

dermis

A

under the epidermis
-contains hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings and blood vessels

240
Q

sweat glands

A

secrete sweat in the dermal layer of the skin

241
Q

hair follicles

A

small organs that produce hair

242
Q

sebaceous glands

A

secretes sebum which seals the surface, water-proofs the skin and prevents it from drying out

243
Q

mucous membranes

A

a protective barrier against bacterial invasion
-lines the body’s cavities

244
Q

mucus

A

a watery substance that lubricates and keeps body openings moist

245
Q

what are the functions of the skin

A
  1. protect the body from the environment
  2. maintain normal body temp
  3. transmit sensory info (touch, pain, pressure)
246
Q

digestion

A

processing of food that nourishes the cells of the body

247
Q

abdomen

A

contains organs of digestion+excretion

248
Q

what organs are in the right upper quadrant?

A

liver
gallbladder
portion of the colon

249
Q

what organs are in the left upper quadrant?

A

stomach
spleen
portion of the colon

250
Q

what organs are in the right lower quadrant?

A

cecum
appendix

251
Q

what organs are in the left lower quadrant?

A

sigmoid colon

252
Q

cecum

A

1st part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

253
Q

appendix

A

small structure attached to the lower border of the cecum (RLQ)

254
Q

retroperitoneal

A

kidney+pancreas
-lie behind the abdominal cavity

255
Q

the mouth consists of…

A

lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue

256
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva, keep the mouth and pharynx moist

257
Q

oropharynx

A

tubular structure extends from the back of the mouth to the esophagus+trachea

258
Q

esophagus

A

tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
-food and liquid go through this

259
Q

chyme

A

substance that leaves the stomach
-combination of all eaten foods+stomach acids

260
Q

pancreas

A

below the liver+stomach
-endocrine function (production of hormones to regulate sugar levels) and exocrine function (digestion)

261
Q

liver

A

-right upper quadrant and extends into left upper quadrant
-detoxifies blood
-primary organ for the storage of sugar or starch, production of bile

262
Q

bile ducts

A

connects the liver to the intestine

263
Q

gall bladder

A

stores and concentrates bile from the liver

264
Q

small intestine

A

has enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion
-consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

265
Q

large intestine

A

-consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum
regulates water balance and eliminates waste

266
Q

colon

A

absorb digested food and form stool

267
Q

rectum

A

lowermost end of the colon
-stores quantities of feces until it’s expelled

268
Q

sphincters

A

in the rectum+anus
-voluntarily and automatically control the escape of solids, liquids, and gases from the digestive tract

269
Q

enzymes

A

converts food into basic sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids

270
Q

lymph

A

carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the cells and removes waste from the cells

271
Q

lymph nodes

A

structure lymph

272
Q

the lymphatic system helps to…

A

rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials

273
Q

endocrine system

A

message and control system that integrates many body functions, such as releasing hormones

274
Q

hormones

A

can have a stimulating or an inhibiting effect on the body’s organs and systems
-regulate body functions

275
Q

adrenal glands

A

above the kidneys
-produced epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, etc.

276
Q

urinary system

A

controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys

277
Q

the functions of the urinary system are…

A
  1. control fluid balance int eh body
  2. filter and eliminate wastes
  3. control pH balance
278
Q

kidneys

A

rid the blood of toxic waste products and control its balance of water and salts

279
Q

renal pelvis

A

inside the kidney that collects urine and funnels into through the ureter into the bladder

280
Q

ureter

A

carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

281
Q

peristalsis

A

wavelike contraction of smooth muscle to move urine to the bladder

282
Q

urethra

A

conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

283
Q

genital system

A

controls the reproductive processes

284
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes semen
-surround the male urethra

285
Q

seminal vesicles

A

storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluids

286
Q

testicle

A

produces male hormones and develops sperm

287
Q

ovaries

A

produce sex hormones and cells for reproduction

288
Q

Fallopian tube

A

connect with the uterus and carry the ovum into the uterus

289
Q

vagina

A

birth canal
-connects the uterus to the vulva

290
Q

semen

A

fluid ejaculated from the penis, contains sperm

291
Q

oxygen is brought to the cells via…

A

circulatory and respiratory system

292
Q

metabolism

A

turning nutrients into energy

293
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

used in energy metabolism and storage

294
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

295
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

takes place in the absence of oxygen; creates lactic acid

296
Q

lactic acid

A

causes muscle burning (anaerobic metabolism)

297
Q

what is the normal pH for humans?

A

7.35-7.45

298
Q

respiratory compromise

A

the inability of the body to move gas effectively which can lead to hypoxia

299
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased level of oxygen in the body

300
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased level of carbon dioxide in the body

301
Q

V/Q ratio

A

ventilation/perfusion
describes how much gas is moving effectively (ventilation) through the lungs and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs

302
Q

shock

A

systemic hypo perfusion
-when organs+tissues don’t receive enough blood and oxygen

303
Q

cellular metabolism

A

inability to properly use oxygen and glucose at the cellular level

304
Q

brachial artery

A

supplies blood to the arm

305
Q

carotid artery

A

supplies blood to the head and brain

306
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

artery on the anterior surface of the food

307
Q

femoral artery

A

major artery of the thigh

308
Q

frontal bones

A

bones of the cranium that form the forehead

309
Q

radial artery

A

major artery in the forearm

EMT class (32 decks)

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