ch13 (shock) Flashcards
shock
inadequate cellular perfusion; hypoperfusion
homeostasis
a balance of all systems of the body
as shock progresses to the whole body, blood circulation…
slows and eventually ceases
perfusion
circulation of blood to the tissues to meet the cells’ needs
-delivery of oxygen and removal of toxic waste products
if tissue is hypo perfused the body will…
regulate the blood pressure to prevent shock
blood pressure
the pressure of blood within vessels at any moment
systolic pressure
peak arterial pressure; pressure generated when the heart contracts
diastolic pressure
pressure maintained within the arteries while the heart is at rest; or between beats
pulse pressure
Systolic-Diastolic= Pulse Pressure
-the amount of force the heart generates with each contraction
sphincter
circular muscular walls that constrict and dilate; respond to stimuli
autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary functions; controls sphincters
regulation of blood flow is determined by…
cellular need
cardiogenic shock
inadequate function of the heart; pump failure; not enough oxygen delivered to body tissues
edema
abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells, causes swelling in affected area
pump failure causes:
- heart attack
- trauma to heart
- obstructive causes (large pulmonary embolus)
low fluid volume causes:
- trauma to vessels/tissues
- fluid loss from GI tract (vomit, diarrhea)
poor vessel function causes:
- infection
- drug overdose (narcotic)
- spinal cord injury
- anaphylaxis
myocardial contractility
ability of the heart muscle to contract
preload
precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood increases
afterload
force or resistance against which the heart pumps
obstructive shock
obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from being distributed to the body
-cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism
pericardial effusion
collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and myocardium
cardiac tamponade
prevents the ventricles from filling with blood; caused by large effusion (fluid); decreased cardiac output
pulmonary embolism
blood clot in pulmonary arteries and blocks the flow of blood through the lungs
distributive shock
widespread dilation of small arterials/venules
what are the most common types of distributive shock?
- septic shock
- neurogenic shock
- anaphylactic shock
- psychogenic shock
septic shock
result of severe bacterial infections
septic shock
result of severe bacterial infections
neurogenic shock
the result of high spinal cord injury; leads to circulatory failure
hypothermia
internal body temp falls below 95F (35C)
sensitization
becoming sensitive to a substance that did not initially cause a reaction
cyanosis
blue discoloration of the skin; late sign of anaphylactic shock
psychogenic shock
sudden reaction of the nervous system that produced vasodilation and results in syncope
syncope
fainting
aneurysm
swelling or enlargement of a part of an artery from weakening of the arterial wall
hypovolemic shock
inadequate amount of fluid in the circulatory system; low blood volume
dehydration
loss of water or fluid from body tissues; can cause shock
dehydration
loss of water or fluid from body tissues; can cause shock
anaphylactic shock
severe shock caused by an allergic reaction
anaphylaxis
life-threatening allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure
anaphylaxis
life-threatening allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure
compensated shock
early stage of shock while the body can still compensate for blood loss
decompensated shock
last stage of shock when blood pressure is falling and the mental status is declining
irreversible shock
inability to successfully achieve resuscitation
how do you treat obstructive shock?
-increase cardiac output; preload must be increased
-apply high-flow oxygen
how do you treat tension pneumothorax?
administer high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask early to prevent hypoxia
how do you treat septic shock?
-transport immediately and administer high-flow oxygen
-use blankets to conserve body heat
how do you treat neurogenic shock?
-obtaining and maintaining a proper airway
-provide spinal stabilization, assist inadequate breathing, conserve body heat
how do you treat anaphylactic shock?
administer epinephrine through intramuscular injection
how do you treat hypovolemic shock?
control of external bleeding by applying direct pressure
-use a tourniquet if bleeding does not stop
