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INTERNSHIP > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

If a patient has a history of CABG and PCI, how long should they be on dual antiplatelet therapy for?

A

They should be on lifelong dual antiplatelet therapy.

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2
Q

When is heart failure classified as HFREF?

A

When ejection fraction is under 50%

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3
Q

When is heart failure classified as HFPEF?

A

When ejection fraction is over 50%

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4
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

An irregular, often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow whereby the heart’s upper chambers (atria) beat out of coordination with the lower chambers (ventricles).

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5
Q

What is an NSTEMI?

A

The more common and less severe form of heart attack (when compared to STEMI)

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6
Q

What is a myocardial Infarction?

A

A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.

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7
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

A rapid heartbeat that may be regular or irregular, but is out of proportion to age and level of exertion or activity.

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8
Q

What is a bubble study?

A

During a bubble study, a sterile salt solution is shaken until tiny bubbles form and then is injected into a vein. The bubbles travel to the right side of your heart and appear on the echocardiogram. If there’s no hole between the left atrium and right atrium, the bubbles will simply be filtered out in the lungs. If you have a patent foramen ovale, some bubbles will appear on the left side of the heart.

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9
Q

What is a coronary stent?

A

A coronary stent is a tube-shaped device placed in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, to keep the arteries open in the treatment of coronary heart disease.

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10
Q

What is a CABG?

A

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery, is a surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery.

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11
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.

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12
Q

Implantable cardioverter

A

An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a small device placed near the heart, which detects and corrects abnormal rhythms of the heart.

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13
Q

What is an artificial heart valve?

A

A prosthetic heart valve is an artificial device surgically implanted into the heart to replace a heart valve that has become damaged.

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14
Q

What is a Ball and cage MVR?

A

The first artificial heart valve was the caged ball valve, a type of ball check valve, in which a ball is housed inside a cage. When the heart contracts and the blood pressure in the chamber of the heart exceeds the pressure on the outside of the chamber, the ball is pushed against the cage and allows blood to flow.

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15
Q

What is isolated diastolic hypertension?

A

Isolated diastolic hypertension is defined as diastolic blood pressure >80 or >90mmHg in individuals with normal systolic blood pressure.

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16
Q

What is cardioversion?

A

Cardioversion the correction of heart rhythm/rate using electricity or drugs.

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17
Q

What is cardiac ablation?

A

Cardiac ablation uses heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart to block irregular electrical signals and restore a typical heartbeat.

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18
Q

What is cardiac ablation used for?

A

The procedure is used to correct heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias).

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19
Q

What is ventricular natriuretic peptide?

A

Ventricular natriuretic peptide (or brain natriuretic peptide), also known as B-type natriuretic peptide, is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume

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20
Q

What is sick sinus syndrome?

A

A disease in which the right atrium becomes damaged and is no longer able to generate normal heartbeats at the normal rate.

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21
Q

What is trifascicular block?

A

A trifascicular block is the combination of a right bundle branch block, left anterior or posterior fascicular block

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22
Q

What is bundle branch block?

A

A condition in which there is a delay or blockage along the pathway that electrical impulses travel to make your heart beat

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23
Q

What is left posterior fascicular block also known as?

A

Left posterior hemiblock (LPH)

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24
Q

What is left anterior fascicular block also known as?

A

Left anterior hemiblock

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25
Q

What is left posterior fascicular block?

A

A condition where the left posterior fascicle, which travels to the inferior and posterior portion of the left ventricle, does not conduct the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node.

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26
Q

What is telemetry?

A

A portable device that continuously monitors patient ECG, respiratory rate and/or oxygen saturations while automatically transmitting information to a central monitor.

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27
Q

If a patient has a stent, what should you always question?

A

How long ago the stent was inserted.

28
Q

What is Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS)?

A

An abnormal increase in heart rate that occurs after sitting up or standing, characterised by dizziness.

29
Q

What is paroxysmal AF?

A

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurs when a rapid, erratic heart rate begins suddenly and then stops on its own within 7 days, this process may occur repeatedly.

30
Q

What is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

A

Surgery in which a healthy blood vessel taken from another part of the body is used to make a new path for blood around a blocked artery leading to the heart, which restores the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart.

31
Q

Describe the role of salt and fluid intake in heart failure.

A

There is emerging data to suggest salt and fluid intake can be effectively corrected for with appropriate diuretic dosing in heart failure.

32
Q

What does it mean for a patient to be haemodynamically stable?

A

Their blood pressure and heart rate are stable

33
Q

What does MINOCA stand for?

A

Myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis

34
Q

How are most cases of acute myocardial infarction (MI) caused?

A

By rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque associated with subsequent thrombus formation

35
Q

What is MI defined as?

A

A clinical (or pathologic) event in the setting of myocardial ischemia in which there is evidence of myocardial injury

36
Q

How is the diagnosis of MI secured?

A

When there is a rise and/or fall of troponin, along with supportive evidence in the form of typical symptoms, suggestive electrocardiographic changes, or imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality.

37
Q

What is MI with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis (MINOCA)?

A

A distinct clinical syndrome characterised by evidence of MI with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on angiography (stenosis severity ≤50%) in the absence of obvious noncoronary causes of MI like a severe haemorrhage or severe respiratory failure.

38
Q

Describe the characteristics of MINOCA.

A

There are several well-defined causes/pathophysiologic mechanisms for MINOCA; the prognosis and management differs for each of these.

39
Q

What are the 2 classes of causes of MINOCA?

A
  1. Epithelial causes
  2. Microvascular causes
40
Q

What is heart block?

A

Heart block is when electrical impulses that control the heart are disrupted.

41
Q

What is an inferior STEMI?

A

Inferior STEMI occurs when inferior myocardial tissue supplied by the right coronary artery, or RCA, is injured due to thrombosis of that vessel.

42
Q

What is an arterial line?

A

An arterial line is a thin, flexible tube that is placed into an artery. It helps your doctors and nurses check your blood pressure and take blood samples. It is used in operating rooms and intensive care units

43
Q

Can arterial lines be used to give medications?

A

Central lines and IVs are used to give medications, but arterial lines are not.

44
Q

What blood vessels are central lines inserted into?

A

Veins

45
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification I mean?

A

No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea (shortness of breath).

46
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification II mean?

A

Slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnoea (shortness of breath).

47
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification III mean?

A

Marked limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnoea.

48
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification IV mean?

A

Unable to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of heart failure at rest. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort increases.

49
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification A mean?

A

No objective evidence of cardiovascular disease. No symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity.

50
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification B mean?

A

Objective evidence of minimal cardiovascular disease. Mild symptoms and slight limitation during ordinary activity. Comfortable at rest.

51
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification C mean?

A

Objective evidence of moderately severe cardiovascular disease. Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity. Comfortable only at rest.

52
Q

What does New York Heart Association Classification D mean?

A

Objective evidence of severe cardiovascular disease. Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest.

53
Q

What is the general approach to starting Entresto (and any cardiac medication)?

A

Start low and go slow.

54
Q

Which is most common: slow AF or fast AF?

A

Fast AF

55
Q

What should you always monitor if you are diuresing a patient?

A

Potassium (but all electrolytes).

56
Q

What is the difference between compensated and decompensated heart failure?

A

In compensated heart failure, symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema are stable or absent. In decompensated heart failure, those symptoms are worse, to the point where medical attention is required.

57
Q

What is an anterolateral infarct?

A

Anterolateral infarcts result from the occlusion of the left main coronary artery

58
Q

What is a dyskinetic apex beat?

A

An apex that is uncoordinated, seen in myocardial infarction when there are dyskinetic movements of the infarcted myocardium

59
Q

Describe how blood pressure behaves around TAVI.

A

Prior to TAVI, blood pressure will be elevated to compensate for aortic stenosis. Once the TAVI has been performed and the flow through the valve has improced there can be a pronounced fall in blood pressure. As such, you should be careful with antihypertensives post TAVI. Often patients will go from triple antihypertensive therapy to not using any agent at all.

60
Q

What is left atrium enlargement a sign of?

A

Left atrial enlargement is a sign of current (and potentially long-term) AF.

61
Q

Describe the potential effects of pregnancy on the heart.

A

Benign heart murmurs may occur during pregnancy, and mothers may also experience postnatal cardiomyopathy.

62
Q

What is a TAVI?

A

A TAVI, or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, is a minimally invasive procedure where a new valve is inserted without removing the old, damaged valve.

63
Q

How can a patient tell if their pacemaker is failing?

A

Patients can tell if your pacemaker is malfunctioning if you are starting to experience symptoms of arrhythmia. They might have chest pain, difficulty breathing, dizziness, or lightheadedness.

64
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

A condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs, usually caused by a heart condition.

65
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Unstable angina is a condition in which your heart doesn’t get enough blood flow and oxygen. It may lead to a heart attack. Angina is a type of chest discomfort caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium).

66
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A

Ventricular tachycardia is a heart rhythm problem (arrhythmia) caused by irregular electrical signals in the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles).

INTERNSHIP (189 decks)

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