ANS Apex

Question 1

Examples of positive feedback control

Answer 1

Can lead to a vicious cycle
Generation of APs
Coagulation cascade
Childbirth

Question 2

Examples of negative feedback loops

Answer 2

Most common, leads to stability
Temperature control
Glucose/ electrolyte control
PaCO2

Question 3

Autocrine vs paracrine vs endocrine signaling

Answer 3

Autocrine- A signal that is produced and responded to by the cell itself (a presynaptic nerve terminal releases noradri to bind to receptors of which some are on the original cell)
Paracrine- a signal from a chemical secreted by one cell and acts locally to regulate behaviors of local cells (neurotransmitters)
Endocrine- A signal from a hormone secreted by an endocrine cell that is transported thru circulation and acts on a distant target cell (kidney producing EPO to act on bone marrow to stimulate RBC production)

Question 4

What are the information types that cells share?

Answer 4

Physical- heat, light, sound
Chemical- neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs
Cellular- gap junctions
Extracellular matrix- collagen, integrins

Question 5

Autocrine, endocrine, paracrine metaphor

Answer 5

Auto- talking to myself
endocrine- talking to a friend on the phone
paracrine- talking to my neighbors

Question 6

Define a ligand

Answer 6

A chemical that binds to a receptor
AKA first messenger

Question 7

Define the role of a transducer

Answer 7

Changes the form of a signal, typically from extracellular to intracellular

Question 8

Define a second messenger

Answer 8

Intracellular chemical that transmits the signal with amplification

Question 9

Define a kinase

Answer 9

A catalyst with phosphate

Question 10

Signal sequence

Answer 10

1st messenger/ ligand
Receptor (proteins)
Effector
2nd messenger
Cellular response

Question 11

Classifications of signal transduction (types of receptors)

Answer 11

G protein coupled receptors
Ligan gated ion channels
Enzyme linked receptors
Intracellular nuclear receptors

Question 12

Which 4 chemical messengers are derived from arachidonic acid?

Answer 12

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
Anandamide

Question 13

4 categories of chemical signals

Answer 13

Small hydrophillic
Lipophillic
Peptides/ proteins
Others

Question 13

Categories of small hydrophillic chemical messengers

Answer 13

Amino acids (gaba, glutamate)
Biogenic Amines (dopamine, ne, epi, serotonin)
Choline esters (ach)
Iodothyronines (t3, t4)

Question 14

Examples of lipophillic messengers

Answer 14

Steroids (aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen)
Eicosanoids (pgs, lkts, txas)
Miscellaneous (vitamin d3, retinoids)

Question 15

Examples of peptide chemical messengers

Answer 15

The most; over 50 on apex
Substance p
FSH
Vasopressin
Renin
Insulin

Question 16

Examples of “other” chemical messengers

Answer 16

ATP
Gases (NO, CO)
Endocannabinoids

Question 17

Where are lipophillic chemical messengers derived from?

Answer 17

Most from cholesterol (steroids)
Except retinoids, endocannabinoids

Question 17

What categories of signaling molecules are stored in vesicles in the cell that synthesized the molecules?

Answer 17

Small hydrophillic
Peptide/ proteins

Question 18

What is epi, noradri, dopamine, and iodothyronines derived from?

Answer 18

Tyrosine

Question 19

G protein families

Answer 19

Gs (stimulatory adenylyl cyclase)
Gi (inhibitory adenylyl cyclase)
Gq (stimulatory PLC)
G12,13 (activates small g proteins)