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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Chemistry is

A

the science that looks at the structure of matter.

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2
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Matter is

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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3
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Atoms:

A

are the smallest stable units of matter

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4
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

What determines the structure of a given object or being

A

the way atoms combine and interact

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5
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Atoms are composed of _____ that determine the structure of an object

A

subatomic particles

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6
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

proton

A

a unit of energy that carries a positive charge

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7
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

neutron

A

are particles that have no electrical charge

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8
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

electrons

A

are particles that have a negative charge

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9
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

mass

A

the mass of an atom is determined by the amount of protons and neutrons that are present in the nucleus

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10
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

atomic number

A

is the number of protons in an atom

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11
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Atoms normally contain _________ protons and electrons

A

equal numbers

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12
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Elements

A

name given to specific group of atoms

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13
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

How many elements exist naturally

A

92

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14
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

how many elements created in labs

A

25

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15
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Trace elements

A

elements found in body in very small amounts

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16
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

isotopes

A

elements whose atoms nuclei contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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17
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

mass number

A

is the total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus used to designate particular isotopes

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18
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

radioisotopes

A

isotopes with nuclei that spontaneously emit subatomic particles with radiation in measurable amounts.

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19
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Decay

A

the emission process from radioisotopes

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20
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

half life

A

the time required for half of any radioactive isotope to decay

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21
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

atom weight

A

the actual mass of an atom

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22
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

How is atomic weight calculated

A

by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.

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23
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

how is atomic weight expresed

A

Dalton aka atomic mass unit or amu

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24
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

mole

A

the atomic weight of an element represented in the unit of grams.

one mole of any element equals the same amount

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25
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

the number that is the constant regarding moles is

A

Avogardo’s number

It is 6.023 x 10(23) or 600 billion trillion

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26
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

the rings (of electrons) that are the closest to the nucleus

A

are weaker charged particles, as you go further out the charge becomes greater

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27
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

the outer ring or shell gives the element its

A

properties

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28
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

if the outer ring has room for more electrons it is considered

A

unstable and likely to interact with other elements that have available space for electrons

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29
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

inert elements

A

are those that have all the outer shell full of electrons and therefore cannot interact with other elements.

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30
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

elements with available space are

A

reactive

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31
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

elements _______ electrons to achieve a stable state

A

share

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32
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

chemical bonding

A

sharing of electrons

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33
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

how many types of chemical bonds

A

3

ionic, covalent, and hydrogen

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34
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

molecule

A

any chemical structure that is held together by a covalent bond

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35
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

compound

A

any chemical structure that contains two or more elements

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36
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

cations

A

positive charged atoms

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37
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

anions

A

negatively charged particles

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38
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

ionic bonds

A

chemical bond between cations and anions

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39
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

ions have _______ of protons and electrons

A

unequal number

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40
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

ionic bonds are formed by

A

the losing or gaining of an electron between two atoms

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41
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

covalent bond

A

occurs when two or more atoms share eletrons to form compounds

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42
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

how many typs of covalent bonds

A

2

polar and non polar

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43
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

non polar covalent bonds are

A

stable

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44
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

hydrogen bonds

A

weak bonds

attraction betwenn the + hydrogen on one atom and the - charge on oxygen or nitrogen with polar covalent bonds

45
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

matter exists in how many states

A

3

46
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what are the states of matter

A

gas,solid, liquid

47
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

molecular weight

A

sum of the weights of all the component atoms in the molecule

48
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion or energy that is doing work

49
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

potential energy

A

energy that has the potential to do work or “stored” energy

50
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

heat

A

is an increase in random molecular motion

51
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

three types of energy reacions

A

decomposition
synthesis
exchange reaction

52
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

decomposition

A

break does a molecule into smaller fragments

53
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

catabolism

A

decomposition of cells when covalent bonds are involved

54
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

covalent bonds are a form of what energy

A

potential

55
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

synthesis

A

reaction that assembles larger molecules from smaller components.

Synthesis always involves the formation of new bonds

56
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

anabolism

A

the synthesis of new compounds. catabolic reactions provide the energy needed for anabolic reactions to occur

57
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

exchange reaction

A

shuffling around of parts of the molecules to form a new compound

58
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

reversible reaction

A

is the converting back and forth of products and formed compounds. equilibrium

59
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

enzymes

A

are coumounds that promote chemical reactions within the cells

60
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

nutrients

A

essential elements an molecules normally obtained from the diet

61
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

metabolites

A

molecules that are synthesized or broken down in the body

62
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what is most important compound in our body

A

water

63
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

properties of water

A

solubility
reactivity
high heat capacity
lubrication

64
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

65
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

hydrophilic

A

water loving

66
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

hydrophilic compounds usually have

A

polar covalent bonds

67
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

solute concentration

A

is the amount of substance present in a specific volume of solvent

68
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

ph

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution

classified as neutral, acidic, or basci

69
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

salt is

A

electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and its anion is not hydroxide

70
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

organic compounds

A

are compounds that contain carbon

71
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what are the building blocks of life

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

72
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

organic compounds in body:

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

73
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what is a major source of energy in the body

A

carbohydrates

74
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what are the forms of carbs in body

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccarides

75
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what are simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

76
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what is the most important sugar for the body

A

glucose

77
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what is an example of polysaccharieds the long chain carbohydrate

A

starch

78
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what is a polysaccharide from plants that the human body cannot break down

A

cellulose

79
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

lipids are

A

fats, waxes, and oils

80
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

lipids serve as

A

reserve source of energy

81
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

fat acids are long chain carbons with hydrogen atoms attached. One end always has a _____ group. The other end is call the _______

A

carboxyl

hydrocarbon tail

82
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

In water the carboxyl end will associate with ________. And the hydrocarbon tail is _________

A

water

hydrophobic

83
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

classes of lipids

A 
eicosanoids
glycerides
steroids
phospholipids
clycolipids
84
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what is the most abundant organic compound in the body

A

protein

85
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what do all proteins contain

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

86
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

what do proteins do

A

support of cell and tissues in the body
regulatroy effect on ph of cells/tissues
metabolic regulation
coordinatoin and control

87
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

proteins are made of long chains of

A

amino acids

88
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

contractcile proteins

A

muscle contractions

89
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

transport proteins

A

carry substances in teh blood, or from cell to cell

90
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

protein hormones

A

influence the metabolic activity of cells

91
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

proteins provide defense in the form

A

antibodies and protective coverings

92
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

typical protein contains

A

1000 amino acids

93
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

there are how many common amino acids

A

20

94
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

two amino acids can be linked together by

A

peptide bond

95
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

substrates

A

are the reactants that are involved in enzymatic reactions

96
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

all enzymes share 3 characteristics

A

catalyzes one type of reaction, saturation limits, regulation

97
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

saturation limits

A

the amount of substrate required to have the maximum rate of reaction

98
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

regulation

A

the ability of the enzyme to be turned on or off

99
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

coenzymes are

A

non protein organic molecules that function as cofactors

100
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

nucleic acids

A

are large organic molecules that are made of carbon, hydron, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

101
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

nucleic acids store

A

info within the cell

102
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

two kinds of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

103
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

DNA is

A

the genetic material of our bodies and it determines our makeup

104
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

RNA functions is

A

the building of specific proteins

105
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

3 types of RNA

A

messenger mRNA
transfer tTNA
ribosomal rRNA

106
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

RNA and DNA have how many strands

A

single

double

107
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

the amino acids bonds in DNA (base pairs)

A

adenine - thymine

cytosine - guanine

108
Q

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) is

A

the high energy compaund for cells. ATP drives cellular functions.

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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