6.3 Personality

Question 1

psychoanalytic perspective

aka psychodynamic theories of personality

Answer 1

views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desire

Question 2

Freud’s psychoanalytic theories based on the

Answer 2

• id
• ego
• superego

Question 3

id

Answer 3

base urges of survival and reproduction

Question 4

ego

Answer 4

• the mediator btwn the id, the superego and the conscious mind
• Operates according to the reality principle
• makes use of defense mechanism

Question 5

Primary process

Answer 5

the id’s response to frustration, fulfilled by mental imagery (wish fulfillment)

Question 6

reality principle

Answer 6

Aims to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained = secondary process

Question 7

characteristic of defense mechanisms

Answer 7

First: Deny, falsify, or distort reality
Second: operate unconsciously

Question 8

8 main defense mechanisms

Answer 8

• Repression
• Suppression
• Regression
• Rxn formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Displacement
• Sublimation

Question 9

superego

Answer 9

• the idealist and perfectionist

- two subsystems: conscience and ego-ideal

Question 10

What are the 3 categories that our access to the id, ego, and superego fall into

Answer 10

• Thoughts we have conscious access
• Thoughts we aren’t currently aware of (preconscious)
• Thoughts that have been repressed (unconscious)

Question 11

Life instincts (Eros)

Answer 11

promote an indiv’s quest for survival through thirst, hunger, and sexual needs

Question 12

Death instincts (Thanatos)

Answer 12

the unconscious wish for death and destruction, proposed as a response to Freud’s observation of victims of trauma reenacting or focusing on their traumatic experiences

Question 13

Jung (Psychoanalyst)

Answer 13

• saw the libido as psychic energy in general not just rooted in sexuality
• identified the ego as the conscious mind
• divided the unconscious into personal and collective unconscious

Question 14

Jung’s archetypes

Answer 14

• Persona - the aspect of our personality we present to the world
• Anima - a “man’s inner woman”
• Animus - a “woman’s inner man”
• Shadow - unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our unconscious

Question 15

Jung’s 3 dichotomies of personality

Answer 15

Extraversion vs introversion
Sensing vs intuiting
Thinking vs feeling

Question 16

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)

Answer 16

Includes the 3 dichotomies and judging vs perceiving

Question 17

Alder’s theory (psychoanalyst)

Answer 17

• focuses on the immediate social imperative of fam and society and their effects on unconscious factor
• originator of the inferiority complex

Question 18

Horney theory (psychoanalyst)

Answer 18

• argues that personality is a result of interpersonal relationships
• Postulated that individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by 1 of 10 neurotic needs

Question 19

neurotic needs

Answer 19

Affection and approval
Exploit others
Self-sufficiency
independence

Question 20

Basic anxiety (Horney)

Answer 20

due to inadequate parenting which causes vulnerability and helplessness

Question 21

Basic hostility

Answer 21

neglect and rejection cause anger

Question 22

Object relations theory

Answer 22

objects are the representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy.

Question 23

humanistic or phenomenological theorists

Answer 23

perspective emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization.

Question 24

Gestalt therapy

Answer 24

practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing him to indiv behaviors of drives

Question 25

Force field theory (Lewin's)

Answer 25

defines the field as one’s current state of mind, which was simply the sum of the forces on the indiv at that time

Question 26

hierarchy of needs (Maslow's)

Answer 26

- self-actualized ppl are more likely than ppl who are not self-actualized to have peak experiences: profound and deeply moving experiences in a person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the indiv - humanistic theory

Question 27

unconditional positive regard (Roger's)

Answer 27

Therapeutic technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a pos therapeutic enviro - humanistic theory

Question 28

Type and trait theorists

Answer 28

believe that personality can be described as a number if identifiable traits that carry characteristics behaviors

Question 29

Type theories of personality include

Answer 29

- the ancient Greek notion of humors - Sheldon’s somatotypes - Division into Types A and B - The Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

Question 30

Eysencks 3 major traits

Answer 30

- psychoticism - extraversion - neuroticism

Question 31

Big 5 Traits

Answer 31

``` openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism. hint: OCEAN ```

Question 32

Allport 3 basic types of traits

Answer 32

- Cardinal - Central - Secondary

Question 33

functional autonomy

Answer 33

- A major part of Allport’s theory | - behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior

Question 34

McCelland' s personality trait need for achievement (N-Ach)

Answer 34

Rated high in N-Ach tend to be concerned w/ achievement and have pride in their accomplishments; avoid high risks to avoid failing and low risks because they dont generate a sense of achievement; set realistic goals; don’t strive toward a goal if success is unlikely

Question 35

Cardinal traits

Answer 35

the traits around which a person organizes his/her life; not everyone develops a cardinal trait

Question 36

Central traits

Answer 36

represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, ex: honesty/charisma

Question 37

Secondary traits

Answer 37

more personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence: aspects of one’s personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations

Question 38

social cognitive perspective

Answer 38

holds that indiv interact w/ their enviro in a cycle called reciprocal determinism

Question 39

reciprocal determinism.

Answer 39

People mold their enviro according to their personalities, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Question 40

behaviorist perspective

Answer 40

based on the concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments

Question 41

Biological theorists

Answer 41

claim that behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression