6.3 Personality Flashcards
HIGH YIELD
psychoanalytic perspective
aka psychodynamic theories of personality
views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desire
Freud’s psychoanalytic theories based on the
- id
- ego
- superego
id
base urges of survival and reproduction
ego
- the mediator btwn the id, the superego and the conscious mind
- Operates according to the reality principle
- makes use of defense mechanism
Primary process
the id’s response to frustration, fulfilled by mental imagery (wish fulfillment)
reality principle
Aims to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained = secondary process
characteristic of defense mechanisms
First: Deny, falsify, or distort reality
Second: operate unconsciously
8 main defense mechanisms
- Repression
- Suppression
- Regression
- Rxn formation
- Projection
- Rationalization
- Displacement
- Sublimation
superego
- the idealist and perfectionist
- two subsystems: conscience and ego-ideal
What are the 3 categories that our access to the id, ego, and superego fall into
- Thoughts we have conscious access
- Thoughts we aren’t currently aware of (preconscious)
- Thoughts that have been repressed (unconscious)
Life instincts (Eros)
promote an indiv’s quest for survival through thirst, hunger, and sexual needs
Death instincts (Thanatos)
the unconscious wish for death and destruction, proposed as a response to Freud’s observation of victims of trauma reenacting or focusing on their traumatic experiences
Jung (Psychoanalyst)
- saw the libido as psychic energy in general not just rooted in sexuality
- identified the ego as the conscious mind
- divided the unconscious into personal and collective unconscious
Jung’s archetypes
- Persona - the aspect of our personality we present to the world
- Anima - a “man’s inner woman”
- Animus - a “woman’s inner man”
- Shadow - unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our unconscious
Jung’s 3 dichotomies of personality
Extraversion vs introversion
Sensing vs intuiting
Thinking vs feeling
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)
Includes the 3 dichotomies and judging vs perceiving
Alder’s theory (psychoanalyst)
- focuses on the immediate social imperative of fam and society and their effects on unconscious factor
- originator of the inferiority complex
Horney theory (psychoanalyst)
- argues that personality is a result of interpersonal relationships
- Postulated that individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by 1 of 10 neurotic needs
neurotic needs
Affection and approval
Exploit others
Self-sufficiency
independence
Basic anxiety (Horney)
due to inadequate parenting which causes vulnerability and helplessness
Basic hostility
neglect and rejection cause anger
Object relations theory
objects are the representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy.
humanistic or phenomenological theorists
perspective emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization.
Gestalt therapy
practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing him to indiv behaviors of drives
Force field theory (Lewin’s)
defines the field as one’s current state of mind, which was simply the sum of the forces on the indiv at that time
hierarchy of needs (Maslow’s)
- self-actualized ppl are more likely than ppl who are not self-actualized to have peak experiences: profound and deeply moving experiences in a person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the indiv
- humanistic theory
unconditional positive regard (Roger’s)
Therapeutic technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a pos therapeutic enviro
- humanistic theory
Type and trait theorists
believe that personality can be described as a number if identifiable traits that carry characteristics behaviors
Type theories of personality include
- the ancient Greek notion of humors
- Sheldon’s somatotypes
- Division into Types A and B
- The Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
Eysencks 3 major traits
- psychoticism
- extraversion
- neuroticism
Big 5 Traits
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism. hint: OCEAN
Allport 3 basic types of traits
- Cardinal
- Central
- Secondary
functional autonomy
- A major part of Allport’s theory
- behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior
McCelland’ s personality trait need for achievement (N-Ach)
Rated high in N-Ach tend to be concerned w/ achievement and have pride in their accomplishments; avoid high risks to avoid failing and low risks because they dont generate a sense of achievement; set realistic goals; don’t strive toward a goal if success is unlikely
Cardinal traits
the traits around which a person organizes his/her life; not everyone develops a cardinal trait
Central traits
represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, ex: honesty/charisma
Secondary traits
more personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence: aspects of one’s personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations
social cognitive perspective
holds that indiv interact w/ their enviro in a cycle called reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism.
People mold their enviro according to their personalities, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
behaviorist perspective
based on the concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments
Biological theorists
claim that behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression
