3.2 Memory Flashcards
HIGH YIELD
Encoding
- The process of putting new info into memory
- Two types: Autonomic processing, Controlled (effortful) processing
Types of Controlled (effortful) processing
Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
Semantic encoding is stronger»_space; acoustic»_space; visual encoding
Self-reference
a phenomenon in which we tend to recall info best when we can put it into the context of our own lives
Maintenance rehearsal
the repetition of a piece of info to either keep it w/in working memory or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory. Keeps info at the forefront of consciousness
Mnemonics
acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide a vivid organization of the info we are trying to remember
Two Types: Method of Loci, Peg-word
Method of loci
Associating each item in the list w/ a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized
Peg-word
Associate numbers w/ items that rhyme w/ or resemble the numbers
Chunking (aka clustering)
Memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements w/ related meaning
Sensory memory
- Consists of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory
- Last only short period of time, but w/in that time our eyes and ears take in an incredibly detailed representation of our surroundings that we can recall w/ amazing precision
- Maintained by the major projection areas of each sensory sys; the occipital lobe (vision) and temporal lobe (hearing)
- Fades quickly and unless the info is attended to it will be lost
Short-term memory
- Fades quickly, aprox 30 seconds w/out rehearsal.
- Limited in capacity to approx 7 items, 7 ± 2 rule
- Housed primarily in the hippocampus
Working memory
- requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information
- Allows us to have a few pieces of info in our consciousness and simultaneously manipulate that info
Long-term memory
- requires elaborative rehearsal
- Controlled primarily by the hippocampus but can be moved to the cerebral cortex
- Two types: Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) memory and Explicit (declarative) memory
Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) memory
stores skills and conditioning effects.
Explicit (declarative) memory
- consists of those memories that require conscious recall.
- Can be divided into: Semantic memory and Episodic memory
Retrieval
The process of demonstrating that something that has even learned has been retained
The 3 forms of Retrieval
- Recall
- Recognition
- Relearning
Spacing effect
- phenomenon dubbed by Ebbinghause in which the longer the amount of time btwn sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the info later on
- Explains why cramming is not as effective as spacing out studying over an extended period of time
Spreading activation
process where when one node of our semantic network is activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated
Types of retrieval cues
- Priming
- Context effects
- State-dependent memory aka state-dependent effect
- Serial position effect
Ways of Forgetting
- Brain disorders
- Decay
- Interference
- Aging and Memory
Brain disorders
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Korsakoff’s syndrome
- Agnosia
Prospective memory
emembering to perform a task at some point in the future, remains mostly intact in the elderly
Misinformation effect
a phenomenon in which memories are altered by misleading info provided at the point of encoding or recall
Source-Monitoring error -
- confusion btwn semantic and episodic memory: a person remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained.
- Happens when a person hears a story of something that happened to someone else, and later recalls the story as having happened to him- or herself
