3.2 Memory Flashcards
HIGH YIELD
Encoding
- The process of putting new info into memory
- Two types: Autonomic processing, Controlled (effortful) processing
Types of Controlled (effortful) processing
Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
Semantic encoding is stronger»_space; acoustic»_space; visual encoding
Self-reference
a phenomenon in which we tend to recall info best when we can put it into the context of our own lives
Maintenance rehearsal
the repetition of a piece of info to either keep it w/in working memory or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory. Keeps info at the forefront of consciousness
Mnemonics
acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide a vivid organization of the info we are trying to remember
Two Types: Method of Loci, Peg-word
Method of loci
Associating each item in the list w/ a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized
Peg-word
Associate numbers w/ items that rhyme w/ or resemble the numbers
Chunking (aka clustering)
Memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements w/ related meaning
Sensory memory
- Consists of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory
- Last only short period of time, but w/in that time our eyes and ears take in an incredibly detailed representation of our surroundings that we can recall w/ amazing precision
- Maintained by the major projection areas of each sensory sys; the occipital lobe (vision) and temporal lobe (hearing)
- Fades quickly and unless the info is attended to it will be lost
Short-term memory
- Fades quickly, aprox 30 seconds w/out rehearsal.
- Limited in capacity to approx 7 items, 7 ± 2 rule
- Housed primarily in the hippocampus
Working memory
- requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information
- Allows us to have a few pieces of info in our consciousness and simultaneously manipulate that info
Long-term memory
- requires elaborative rehearsal
- Controlled primarily by the hippocampus but can be moved to the cerebral cortex
- Two types: Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) memory and Explicit (declarative) memory
Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) memory
stores skills and conditioning effects.
Explicit (declarative) memory
- consists of those memories that require conscious recall.
- Can be divided into: Semantic memory and Episodic memory
Retrieval
The process of demonstrating that something that has even learned has been retained
