4.11 **Higher Only** - Stages of Genetic Engineering

Question 1

What are restriction enzymes used for?

Answer 1

Restriction enzymes are used to ‘cut out’ genes from chromosomes. Example: They can be used to isolate a specific gene for cloning.

Question 2

What is a vector in genetic engineering?

Answer 2

A vector, such as a virus or bacterial plasmid, is used to carry the genes into another organism. Example: Vectors are essential for gene delivery in genetic modification.

Question 3

What role does ligase enzyme play in genetic engineering?

Answer 3

Ligase enzyme is used to attach the sticky ends of the gene and the vector together, producing a recombinant gene product.

Question 4

How is the vector introduced into another organism?

Answer 4

The vector is placed in another organism at an early stage in development so the desired gene moves into its cells. Example: This allows the organism to grow with the desired characteristics.

Question 5

What are meristematic cells?

Answer 5

Meristematic cells are unspecialised cells in plants where the vector is put to produce identical copies of the modified plant.