19. Stages of Development

Question 1

This theory revolves around the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. It is interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings

Each stage builds on the preceding stages and paves the way for following periods of development. In each stage, people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development

Answer 1

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Question 2

Infancy (birth to 18 months)

Event: Feeding
Outcome: Hope

Answer 2

Trust vs. Mistrust: Stage 1

Question 3

Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)

Event: Toilet Training
Outcome: Will

Answer 3

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Stage 2

Question 4

Preschool (3 to 5 years)

Event: Exploration
Outcome: Purpose

Answer 4

Initiative vs. Guilt: Stage 3

Question 5

School Age (6 to 11 years)

Event: School
Outcome: Confidence

Answer 5

Industry vs. Inferiority: Stage 4

Question 6

Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

Event: Social Relationships
Outcome: Fidelity

Answer 6

Identity vs. Role Confusion: Stage 5

Question 7

Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)

Event: Relationships
Outcome: Love

Answer 7

Intimacy vs. Isolation: Stage 6

Question 8

Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)

Event: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Care

Answer 8

Generativity vs. Stagnation: Stage 7

Question 9

Maturity (65 to death)

Event: Reflection on Life
Outcome: Wisdom

Answer 9

Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Stage 8

Question 10

This theory revolves on how children move through different stages of mental development. It focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence

Children take an active role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world

As kids interact with the world around them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held ideas to accommodate new information

Answer 10

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 11

Motor activity without use of symbols. All things learned are based on experiences, or trial and error (birth to 18–24 months)

Goal: Object permanence

Answer 11

Sensorimotor: Stage 1

Question 12

Development of language, memory, and imagination. Intelligence is both egocentric and intuitive (2 to 7 years)

Goal: Symbolic thought

Answer 12

Preoperational: Stage 2

Question 13

More logical and methodical manipulation of symbols. Less egocentric, and more aware of the outside world and events (7 to 11 years)

Goal: Operational thought

Answer 13

Concrete Operational: Stage 3

Question 14

Use of symbols to relate to abstract concepts. Able to make hypotheses and grasp abstract concepts and relationships (Adolescence to adulthood)

Goal: Abstract concepts

Answer 14

Formal operational: Stage 4

Question 15

Represents the building blocks of knowledge. Think of it as different index cards inside the brain, each one informs the individual on how to react to new information or situations.

Answer 15

Schemas

Question 16

Using an existing schema and applying it to a new situation or object

Answer 16

Assimilation

Question 17

Changing approaches when an existing schema doesn’t work in a particular situation

Answer 17

Accomodation

Question 18

Driving force that moves all development forward. Development doesn’t progress steadily. Instead, it moved in leaps and bounds according to experiences

Answer 18

Equilibration