141. Anatipestifer disease and disease caused by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.

Question 1

Anatipestifer disease occurence ethiology and epidemiology?

Answer 1

ANATIPESTIFER DISEASE

OCCURRENCE, ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Worldwide, in large scale flocks
• Caused by Riemerella anatipestifer
• 21 serotypes, virulence variants, facultative pathogen
• Susceptible: duck, goose, swan, turkey, (pheasant, chicken, quail),
• most severe in ducklings below 2 months
• Resistance is low, survive in water
• Infected birds carry on mucous membranes and shed for a long time, wild living birds can also spread
• Germinative infection has no importance
• Predisposing factors
• Non infectious: overcrowding, cold, mycotoxin
• Infectious: parvoviruses, circoviruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia

Question 2

Anatipestifer disease pathogenesis?

Answer 2

PATHOGENESIS

• Infection airborne, P.O. or via wounds
• predisposing effects
• septicemia
• damage of the endothelium causing increased permeability, coagulopathy
• Precipitation of fibrin,
• lesions in parenchymal organs,
• inflammation on serous membranes of the
• abdominal cavity and mucous membrane of resp. tract, death

Question 3

Pathology of Anatipestifer?

Answer 3

PATHOLOGY

• Hemorrhages,
• fibrinous serositis
• perihepatitis
• air sacculitis and meningitis
• Fibrin in the abdominal cavity and in the pericardium
• Sinusitis, fibrinous enteritis, arthritis

Question 4

Diagnosis of Anatipestifer disease?

Answer 4

DIAGNOSIS

• Epidemiology (age, predisposing factors), clinical signs, pathology
• Detection of the agent ʹ bacterium isolation, PCR (detection of carriage)
• Detection of the antibodies ʹ agglutination, ELISA
• Differentials :

1. fowl cholera,
2. duck hepatitis,
3. duck plague,
4. mycoplasmosis,
5. ornithosis,
6. borrelisosis,
7. salmonellosis

Question 5

Treatment and Prevention of Anatipestifer disease?

Answer 5

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

• Antibiotics: tetracyclines, macrolides, beta lactams ʹ in water
• Isolation of the animals, all-in-all-out, avoid predisposing factors
• Vaccines ʹ inactivated (type specific protection, yolk immunity ʹ 2-3 weeks), live ʹ water or spray

Question 6

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Occurrence ethiology and epidemiology?

Answer 6

DISEASE CAUSED BY ORNITHOBACTERIUM RHINOTRACHEALE

OCCURRENCE, ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Widespread, In broilers, turkeys at 2-8 weeks of age, also in other farm and wild living birds
• Caused by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, facultative pathogen, 18 serotypes (A-R; 90% A-E)
• Resistance is low
• Predisposing factors
• Non infectious: overcrowding, warm, accumulation of NH3, ventilation problems
• Infectious:
• pneumovirus, lentogen NDV, infectious bronchitis, mycoplasma, chlamydia
• No germinative infection
• Age: Young (2-8 weeks): Peracute and acute, in older its asymptomatic, if clinical signs Æ benign

Question 7

Pathogenesis of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?

Answer 7

Pathogenesis

• Airborne infection, colonization of the upper airways
• predisposing factors
• Inflammation of the upper airways
• sinusitis, edema, tracheitis, air sacculitis, production of large amount of sticking mucous (will block
• sinuses and trachea
• cause of death = suffocation),
• sometimes pneumonia
• Mainly limited to the airways,
• rarely cause septicemia
• brain and joints

Question 8

Clinical signs of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?

Answer 8

CLINICAL SIGNS

• Peracute: depression, dyspnea, suffocation (due to mucous)
• Acute: nasal discharge, lacrimation, respiratory signs, shortness of breath, swollen head, sinusitis, suffocation
• Layers: respiratory signs, drop in egg production, thin and striated eggshell

Question 9

Pathology of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?

Answer 9

PATHOLOGY

• Nasal cavity and trachea covered by thick mucous and fibrin,
• swollen mucous membrane with hemorrhages,
• pneumonia,
• fibrinous pleuritis,
• air sacculitis (serous, fibrinous)

Question 10

Diagnosis of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?

Answer 10

DIAGNOSIS

• Epidemiology, clinical signs and pathology => only preliminary diagnosis
• Detection of agent: bacterium isolation, IF, immunoperoxidase (IP), PCR
• Detection of antibodies ʹ ELISA, AGDT (Agar gel diffusion test), Slide agglutination
• Differentials

1. Infectious coryza,
2. ILT (Infectious Laryngotracheitis),
3. TRT (Turkey rhinotracheitis),
4. mycoplasmosis,
5. fowl cholera

Question 11

Treatment and prevention of ornithobacterium rhinotracheal?

Answer 11

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

• Antibiotics ʹ tetracyclines, macrolides, penicillin
• Elimination of predisposing effects => increase efficacy of antibiotics
• General epidemiological measures ʹ Isolation of animals, all-in-all-out
• Optimal density, ventilation
• Vaccines ʹ inactivated and attenuated, generally not necessary