107. Tetanus. Flashcards
1
Q
Occurrence of Tetanus?
A
Occurrence:
- tropics
- moderate climate
2
Q
Ethiology of Tetanus?
A
Etiology:
- C. tetani,
- toxin, strict anaerobic
- Susceptibility: horse, small ruminant, cattle, swine, dog/cat
3
Q
Epidemiology of Tetanus?
A
Epidemiology:
- bacterium/spore gut-soil
- Predisposing factors:
- wounds (puncture wounds, horse shoeing, injuries),
- tagging,
- traumas in the rumen,
- naval infection,
- anaerobic conditions,
- other bacteria
4
Q
Pathogenesis of tetanus?
A
Pathogenesis
- Spore: anaerobic conditions (other bacteria, autolysis)
- Vegetative bacterium
- Toxin production: cleavage of synaptobrevin,
- release of gamma-amino butyric acid GABA is inhibited,
- blocking of upper motor inhibitory neurons
- Forms: general (descendent), local (ascendent)
- Inhibition of the respiratory center
5
Q
Clinical signs of tetanus?
A
Clinical signs:
- incubation 1-2 weeks
- inducible clinical signs
- Horse, sheep: spasms, tonic contractions, lockjaw, ‘saw horse’, ears stand up, third eyelid
- Cattle: tympani, reflexes increase in intensity
- Swine, dog: can be local
6
Q
Pathology of tetanus?
A
Pathology:
- no gross lesions
7
Q
Diagnosis of tetanus?
A
Diagnosis:
- epidemiology
- clinical signs
- Bacteriology: isolation of the agent from the wound, detection of the agent from the wound (PCR)
- Detection of the toxin in the blood: mouse test, immune chromatography
8
Q
Treatment of tetanus?
A
Treatment:
- Horse: more successful (depends on time)
- Incase of fresh wound: cleaning the wound, disinfection,
- anti-toxin (120-150,000 NE),
- penicillin,
- booster vaccination
- In case of clinical signs: antitoxin (120-150,000 NE),
- supportive therapy,
- sedatives,
- quiet, dark environment
9
Q
Prevention of tetanus?
A
Prevention:
- prevent predisposing factors,
- hyperimmune serum,
- vaccination of foals (3-4 months of age
- twice, yearly till the age of 3 yr old, later booster 3-4 yrs)
