134. Necrobacillosis and panaritium of ruminants.

Question 1

Diseases caused by gram negative anaerobic rods?

Answer 1

DISEASES CAUSED BY GRAM NEGATIVE ANAEROBIC RODS

• Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Dichelobacter, Prevotella
• Habitat: mucous membranes and gut flora
• Facultative pathogens: limited to mucous membranes, wounds predispose, virulence factors, necrosis
• Bacteria have low resistance, act together with other bacteria
• F. necrophorum ʹ necrobacillosis, mastitis, liver “abscess”, gingivitis, metritis, peritonitis (Dog, cat) facilitates foot rot (Synergistic effect)
• Facilitates foot rot (synergistic effect)
• F. nucleatum : dog and cat purulent inflammation
• B. fragilis : human, dog and cat purulent inflammation
• Provotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenicus :dog and cat
• D. nodosus: foot rot

Question 2

Occurence ethiology and epidemiology of necrobacillosis?

Answer 2

NECROBACILLOSIS (Maul and Fußgrind)

OCCURRENCE,

• Sporadic occurrence
• *Ethiology:**
• F. necrophorum subsp. Necrophorum (virulent), F. necrophorum subsp. Funduliforme
• Weak invasion capacity, virulence factors ʹ proteases, hemolysin

Epidemiology

• Predisposing factors: wound, neglected disinfection of the navel, change of teeth
• Young animals: lambs, calves and rabbits

Question 3

Pathogenesis, clincial signs and pathology of necrobacillosis?

Answer 3

PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL SIGNS AND PATHOLOGY

• Infection via wounds on mucous membrane or skin, navel infection, rumen parakeratosis
• Local lesions Æ necrosis, can sometimes spread with blood (via navel infection)
• 5-7 days long incubation period

Clinical signs ʹ

• necrosis (oral cavity), fever, edema, pain, salivation, smell, painful chewing & swallowing
• Sometimes lesions on nose (swine), leg, sheep ʹ vagina (farrowing)

Pathology:

• necrosis in oral cavity and lips with local edema
• necrosis in the liver in case of naval infection or rumen parakeratosis

Question 4

Diagnosis of Necrobacillosis?

Answer 4

DIAGNOSIS

• Epidemiology, clinical signs and pathology
• Bacteriological examination ʹ smear, microscopy, culture
• Differential diagnosis ʹ contagious pustular dermatitis (orf), pox, foot and mouth disease

Question 5

Treatment and prevention of necrobacillosis?

Answer 5

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

• • Surgery, disinfection (oxidizing disinfectants), antibiotics
• • Prevent wounds, disinfect navel

Question 6

Panaritium of ruminants Occurrence, ethiology and epidemiology?

Answer 6

PANARITIUM OF RUMINANTS (Footrot, Moderhinke)

OCCURRENCE

• Widespread occurrence, in warm and wet climate more frequent

Ethiology

• Dichelobacter nodosus ʹ facultative pathogen, strictly anaerobe
• o Virulence factors ʹ fimbria (attachment to target cells), EC enzymes: proteases, keratinase ʹ can
• decompose keratin (hoof of the animals)
• o Virulence variants
• • Other bacteria can be present in the lesions, these can help D. nodosus in causing foot root
• o F. necrophorum, P. melaninogenicus, Spirochaetes, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

Epidemiology

• The agent is shed in the feces, survives in the litter for a few weeks
• Entry into host is difficult, if animal stands for long time in warm, rainy weather, in mud, or wet pastures, the hoof can become softer
• place of entry, or if it is a pasture with hard, stony soil Æ wounds Æ entry
• Old bedding ʹ bacterium can be present
• Typical disease in spring and autumn, morbidity is 100% (if foot rot in herd Æ all animals will become inf.)
• Diseases
• Benign foot rot : interdigital skin, minimal under-running the horn
• Virulent foot rot : large areas of the hoof matrix involved

Question 7

Pathogenesis?

Answer 7

PATHOGENESIS

• Wounds, frequently in interdigital space
• bacterium propagation
• interdigital dermatitis, scald
• Local anaerobic conditions: Aerobic bacteria consume a lot of oxygen:
• Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Trueperella, Enterobacteria
• Synergistic effect: F. necrophorum, clostridium (produce extracellular enzymes)
• D. nodosus will produce proteases and keratinases
• cause necrosis and damage of capillaries
• hoof wall is detached

Question 8

Clinical signs of Panaritum of ruminants?

Answer 8

CLINICAL SIGNS

• Incubation period of 10-14 days
• Interdigital dermatitis
• pain and lameness, lags behind the flock
• Later on ʹ result of extended necrosis
• hoof detached, unpleasant odor, necrosis
• General clinical signs due to the pain
• anorexia, agalactia (lambs will starve and die!),
• rams do not want to serve,
• animals remain recumbent,
• if they move they will move on their knees
• Goat and cattle- milder signs

Question 9

Diagnosis of Panaritium?

Answer 9

DIAGNOSIS

• Epidemiology and clinical signs
• Detection of the agent: smear, microscopy, isolation and PCR
• Detection of antibodies (detection of infection)
• ELISA (herd level)

Differentials

1. interdigital abscess,
2. foot and mouth disease,
3. contagious pustular dermatitis (orf),
4. bluetongue

Question 10

Treatment of Panaritium?

Answer 10

TREATMENT

• Individual surgery or hoof paring
• Benign foot rot
• foot bath once a week with formalin, sterogenol or zinc sulphate
• Virulent foot rot
• Local treatment: surgery and antibiotic ointment
• parenteral: penicillin, oxytetracycline, lincomycin, erythromycin
• Dry environment and clean bedding

Question 11

Prevention of Panaritium?

Answer 11

PREVENTION

• Do not introduce infected animals (quarantine),
• prevent predisposing factors
• Phosphorous pentoxide (fertilizer) in the litter
• Vaccine ʹ 3 month long protection, type specific protection (fimbria)
• Keeping resistant lines in breeding, eradication is difficult

Question 12

Calf Diphtery Occurence and ethiology?

Answer 12

CALF DIPHTHERY (LARYNGEAL NECROBACILLOSIS)

OCCURRENCE

• Sporadic occurrence

Ethiology

• F. necrophorum
• predisposing factors
• virus infection,
• irritating materials,
• A-avitaminosis

Question 13

Pathogenesis , Clinical signs and pathology of calf diphteria?

Answer 13

PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL SIGNS AND PATHOLOGY

• Virus-, Mycoplasma-, Pasteurella-, Hemophilus-infection
• Æ cough
• Æ laryngeal erosion
• Clinical signs
• cough,
• painful respiration and swallowing,
• purulent nasal disch.,
• stinking breath,
• fever,
• dyspnea
• Pathology: laryngeal ulcer and edema

Question 14

Diagnosis treatment and prevention of Calf diphteria?

Answer 14

DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

• Diagnosis
• Epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, laryngoscopy
• Treatment ʹ sulfonamides, penicillin
• Prevention of respiratory diseases