129. Salmonellosis of small ruminants and horses.

Question 1

Salmonellosis of sheep and goat Generalized disease with fever?

Answer 1

SALMONELLOSIS OF SHEEP AND GOAT

GENERALIZED DISEASE WITH FEVER

• Caused by S. typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Enteritidis, S. Anatum
• Infection via feces or infected pasture, predisposing factors: overcrowding, nutritional defic., parasitosis
• Infection P.O. Æ gut Æ blood, generalization
• Clinical signs ʹ

Acute:

• fever,
• depression,
• anorexia,
• watery and foamy diarrhea;

Chronic:

• arthritis
• abortion
• Pathology
• hemorrhages,
• enlarged spleen and lymph nodes,
• gastritis,
• enteritis (small intestine)
• Treatment and prevention

general principles

Question 2

Abortion form of sheep/goat?

Answer 2

ABORTION FORM

• Caused by S. abortusovis
• More frequent in the winter time, predisp. Factors ʹ poor management, ewes in first pregnancy, mixing
• Infection P.O. Æ replicate in the gut Æ septicemia Æ fetus Æ replication and abortion after 2-4 weeks after

septicemia, intensive shedding during abortion

• Clinical signs ʹ septicemia is asymptomatic

o Abortion ʹ depression before abortion, vaginal discharge (blood, mucous), retained fetal membranes

o Birth of non-viable lambs ʹ weak, diarrhea, pneumonia, dead

o Rams are generally asymptomatic

• Pathology:
• fetus: fibrinous exudates in body cavities
• focal inflammation and necrosis in the liver
• Diagnosis

o Epidemiology, clinical signs and pathological lesions, bacteriological examination (isolation from

parenchymal organs or stomach content of aborted lambs), serological examination ʹ blood from ewe

o Differentials ʹ

1. brucellosis,
2. chlamydiosis,
3. campylobacter,
4. Q-fever

• Prevention and control
• antibiotics (sick animals and pregnant ewes),
• isolation of diseased animals,
• clean environment,
• optimal nutrition

Question 3

Salmonellosis of horses enteric form foal septicaemia?

Answer 3

SALMONELLOSIS OF HORSES

ENTERIC FORM, FOAL SEPTICEMIA

• Sporadic occurrence,

Caused by S. typhimurium, S. agona, other

• Infection:

via faeces of carrier animals (poultry, pig, rodents etc.),

environment, feed, humans

• Predisposing factors
• Management and nutritional deficiencies,
• overcrowding,
• poor hygiene,
• overstrain, stress, transport,
• cold, virus infection, parasitosis, surgery, long antib. treatment, mixing ʹ horse clinic, horse race, show
• Adult animals can also become ill in case of serious predisposing factors

- Pathogenesis:

• P.O. inf.
• Gut
• mesenterial lymph nodes
• blood and generalization
• salm. carriage
• Clinical signs

o Acute:

• fever,
• anorexia,
• depression,
• colic, diarrhea (watery), dehydration, death within 1-2 days

o Chronic:

• arthritis,
• tenosynovitis,
• bursitis,
• subcutaneous abscesses
• Pathology:
• hemorrhages,
• enlarged liver,
• spleen and lymph nodes,
• hemorrhagic gastritis, enteritis

o Histology ʹ

• mononuclear cell infiltration,
• upper layer is necrotic,
• blood

Question 4

Abortion form of salmonella in horses?

Answer 4

ABORTION FORM

• • Caused by S. Abortusequi,
• Sporadic, rare occurrence,
• • In mares in first pregnancy
• brought into stable where older mares are present
• • Predisposing factor ʹ EHV-1, viral arteritis
• Infection

P.O.

Æ replicate in the gut

Æ septicemia

Æ uterus, fetus, fetal membranes

Æ abortion in 2-6 weeks

(at any stage of pregnancy, but mainly the middle), or birth of non-viable, weak foal Æ dies within few days

• Clinical signs

o Before abortion

• ​​ sometimes asymptomatic,
• fever,
• enlarged udder,
• colic,
• vaginal discharge

o After abortion ʹ

• purulent metritis,
• arthritis,
• tenosynovitis
• Pathology

o Fetal membranes

• edema,
• hemorrhages,
• necrosis,
• purulent-fibrinous inflammation

Fetus

• hemorrhages,
• edema,
• hemorrhagic gastroenteritis,
• focal necrosis and inflammation in liver

- Diagnosis

• o Epidemiology, clinical signs and pathology
• o Bacterial Isolation from aborted fetus,
• parenchymal organ, stomach content
• o Detect antibodies ʹ agglutination titer (> 400) ʹ from blood of the mare
• o Identification of predisposing factors ʹ viral infections!
• o Differentials ʹ generalized diseases with fever and diarrhea, abortions ʹ EHV-1, infect. equine arteritis
• Treatment
• o Parenteral antibiotics (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones) in case of generalized form
• o Contact animals metaphylactic Treatment
• o Rehydration
• Prevention
• o Eliminate predisposing factors,
• good hygiene,
• prevent introduction of salmonella carrier animals,
• isolation of pregnant mares,
• complete isolation of pregnant mares showing signs of a coming abortion,
• disinfection at place of abortion