11.5 Flashcards
1
Q
if an aircraft is IFR certified what must be different about the captain and first officer?
A
systems fed separately i.e altimeter, horizon etc on different systems
2
Q
where is the pfd found in a glass cockpit?
A
outboard on both captain and first officers side
3
Q
how many screens are on a basic EFIS system?
A
6
4
Q
what are the basic T arrangement instruments and what are their positions?
A
top left: asi
top middle: adi
top right: alt
bottom left: turn bank indicator
bottom middle: hsi
bottom right: vsi
5
Q
EADI can also be referred to as?
A
PFD -> primary flight display
6
Q
EHSI can also be referred to as?
A
ND -> navigation display
7
Q
what is 1 atm in HPA and inches of mercury?
A
HPA -> 1013.25
Inches of mercury -> 29.92
8
Q
what instruments use pressure to display headings?
A
ALT, ASI, VSI
9
Q
how many degrees does temp decrease per 1000ft?
A
2 degrees
10
Q
what is the standard temp at sea level?
A
15 degrees
11
Q
what pressure do altimeter use to display altitude?
A
static pressure
12
Q
what is the pressure at 18,000, 36,000 and 54,000 compared to sea level?
A
18,000 -> 50%
36,000 -> 25%
54,000 -> 12.5%
13
Q
are altimeters more or less accurate at low alts?
A
less accurate
14
Q
what is used at low altitude?
A
radio altimeter
15
Q
what does the transducer do in the radio altimeter?
A
convert analogue to digital
16
Q
what happens to the (aneroid) bellows as alt increases?
A
expand mechanically linked to a pointer
17
Q
why are bellows corrugated?
A
more sensitive
18
Q
where is static pressure fed in an altimeter?
A
the case
19
Q
large aircraft don’t have bellows what is used instead?
A
air data computer
20
Q
why does the barometric attitude need changing?
A
pressure differs locally
21
Q
in cruise what should the Q code be changed to?
A
from QFE/QNH to QNE
22
Q
what is being fed into the asi?
A
pitot and static
23
Q
what is the pitot probe connected to?
A
bellows/aneroid capsule
24
Q
where is the static pressured fed to in an asi?
A
the case
25
what do the green, yellow and white band mean on an asi?
Green -> normal op range
yellow -> caution range only in smooth air
white -> full flap op range
26
airspeed limit depends on what?
VMO -> velocity max
MMO -> max mach
27
how does a vsi work?
static pressure into case and calibrated metering unit. utilising differential pressure
28
what is the problem with a vsi?
there is a lag
29
what is a mach meter?
ration of true airspeed to speed of sound
30
what is another name for SAT and what is SAT?
outside air temp
temp of undisturbed air
31
where is the only place where TAT and SAT are the same?
TAT is usually higher
TAT+SAT same on ground
32
where would TAT and SAT be displayed?
ECAM
33
what instruments require pitot and/or static
ALT static
ASI pitot + static
VSI static
34
where are static points located?
area of smooth airflow to allow undisturbed measurements of static pressure
35
what is the difference between the measured and real static pressure?
static source error
36
what causes SSE
fuselage shape
speed
configuration
37
how is SSE rectified?
with an ADC
38
when would static ports be covered?
cleaning, painting
39
what is the combined adc and fru?
air data inertial reference unit
40
what effect does side slip have on the static port?
gives a higher than normal pressure
41
how is the static pressure difference corrected during a side slip?
via points on either side of the fuselage, cross porting tube averages the pressure
42
what does the baffle prevent in the pitot probe?
containment ingress
43
what are some additional features of a pitot probe?
drain hole, heater to prevent ice
44
what does the alternate static selector valve do?
allows captain to use co pilots flight controls in case of failure
45
aircraft that fly at higher speeds and altitudes require what extra instruments?
true airspeed
air temp indicator
mach meter
46
any data sent to ECAM is sent via what?
ARINC 429
47
some aircraft have a third adc what is the purpose of this?
checks info and compare from adi 1 and adi 2 if one reads incorrect it is taken offline. "watch dogging" and "cross talking"
48
what is hot standby?
ready to use autopilot come online if needed
49
what do air data modules do?
pass air pressure directly into digital data word
50
why is the air data modules located near the static port?
save weight
51
what does the DME do?
display management computer takes data from ARINC 429 and converts to graphics
52
when would a leak test be performed?
after the system has been disturbed
53
when is the Q code changed to QNE?
transition level
54
what does encoding altimeter do?
sends a digital code to the aircrafts ATC transponder. it replies to ATC radar with altitude data gives who and how high
55
what does a servo altimeter work off?
induction pick off E and I bar
56
what is another example of the E and I bar?
linear variable differential transducer
57
calibrated metering unit is also called?
capillary tube
58
what is added to a VSI to alleviate lag (IVSI)?
dashpot -> weight between 2 springs
58
how long does it take a gyro to run down?
up to 20 mins
59
ADI's utilise what type of gyro?
vertical axes gyro
60
what does vertical and horizontal refer to in vertical and horizontal gyro?
the axes the mass move around
61
HSI use what type of gyro?
horizontal/directional gyro
62
when would a rate gyro be used?
rate of turn indicator
63
how many laser rate gyros are needed for roll pitch and yaw info
3 gyros
64
what is the standard gyro powered by?
the battery
65
what 3 things affect the rigidity?
its mass
rotational speed
distance between the axis and the centre of mass
66
what factor is used to improve rigidity of the aircraft?
the rotational speed 20rpm to 24rpm
67
gyros have how many gimbles to provide an indication of aircrafts attitude?
one or two
68
what dictates the degrees of freedom?
number of gimbles
69
what gyros are needed on aircraft?
earth tied gyro
70
how many degrees of freedom does a rate gyro have?
one
71
a rate gyro will have how many degrees of freedom when held by springs?
1.5
72
what is a tied gyro?
gyro about a fixed axis
73
what is rigidity?
a gyros ability to maintain its axis
74
gyro precision depends on what?
axes that force is inputted to as reaction is 90 degrees to this
direction of spin precision felt 90 degrees to force some direction as spin
75
what type of gyro is a laser ring gyro?
rate gyro
76
how many gyros are in an ADIRU?
3 laser ring one for each axis
77
78
what is gyro wonder?
deviation from the fixed axis drift, topple depending on axis
79
what is gyro wonder caused by?
imbalances can be caused by wear and tear
80
what one the advantages of laser ring gyros?
less maintenance
no moving parts
80
What will disturb the back up compass on the aircraft?
Mag fields from systems
80
how does a laser ring gyro work?
difference in time of arrival at detectors, proportional to the aircraft movement
80
the IRS has how many RLG and accelerometers, where are these located?
3 RLG
3 accelerometers
longitudinal axis
81
what are the 3 methods of correcting wander?
pendulous vane
rotating balls
electrolytic switches
82
what is given on the HSI?
Heading
glidescope
localiser
weather (EHSI)
to from indicator
course selector point
83
how are turn and slip indicators powered?
28vdc
84
what does a turn and slip indicator not show?
pitch
85
how do you know you are in a co-ordinated turn?
the bubble will remain in the middle
86
standby compasses are known as what?
E2B
87
what does the lubber line show?
the point at which an aircraft is pointing
88
what are the two types of heading?
true north
magnetic north
89
what is variation?
difference between true north and magnetic north
90
what occurs to the magnets as their position with respect to magnetic north changes
inclination, retardant at certain angles
90
all compasses point to what?
magnetic north
90
how do you remember deviation and variation?
Cadburys - compass
dairy - deviation
milk - magnetic
very - variation
tasty - true
91
where will the flux detectors be found?
wing tips
92
how must all magnetic direction indicators be installed?
so that the accuracy is not excessively affected by aeroplanes magnetic fields or vibration
93
what can be said about hard iron magnetism?
permanent form of magnetism
hard to de-magnetise
easy to magnetise
94
what can be said about soft iron magnetism?
temporary magnetism
95
what does a direct reading compass contain?
all parts necessary to read magnetic heading
no electrical except light
96
why is the direct reading compass filled with fluid?
to dampen the compass scale movements
96
what is the purpose of the expansion unit direct reading compass?
compensates for fluid expansion by temperature changes
97
where is the direct reading compass located and why?
visible from each pilot seat
98
when does a direct reading compass read perfectly?
level flight
constant speed
99
what is the purpose of a compass deviation card?
for pilots to make adjustments in flight
100
the cable for the light in the compass is what to stop magnetism interference?
screened and trusted
101
what eliminates the problems with direct reading compasses?
directional gyro
102
what is the main component of a remote compass?
flux valve located at wing tips or vertical stabilisers
103
what do modern aircraft with IVS and GPS not require?
compass swing
104
where will a compass swing be performed?
designated compass swing base
105
what is the flux valve connected to?
remote compass
106
what compensates for SSE?
ADC
107
when will a stall warning go off?
before a stall
108
is alpha max a constant?
no charges with speed and configuration
109
where must the stall warning operate?
at least 5 kts or 5% above the stall speed
110
AOA info is taken from what?
AOA vane / Alpha vane
111
what are the warnings given?
audible and visual
112
what is the flight data shown on in a glass cockpit?
electronic flight instrument system
113
how are MFD (multi functional displays) controlled?
by two multifunction keypads (MFR) one for each pilot
114
how may the info be displayed?
Priority - warning over a caution etc
115
how is the brightness of the EFIS controlled?
brightness control knob on the outboard side
116
where are the display management computers located?
in the avionics bay
117
Benefit to EFIS?
all data presented in a user friendly
118
what does a basic EFIS require?
symbol generators
displays to show data
computer to process info
sensors
119
what is a comparator unit?
compares info from captains and FO's sensors
120
what does the PFD show?
airspeed . heading
attitude . altitude
vertical speed
radio alt . flight guidance cures
121
what does the ND show?
vor modes
approach modes
map modes
122
what would a warning display show?
EICAS/ECAM - warnings
comms messages - cautions
memos - advisories
123
what are the two types of map display?
rose and arc
124
what display is the FMC shown?
EHSI
125
when will the FLT DLR be used?
flying manually
126
if there are no issues with autopilot, what will the autopilot/Autoland status be?
land 3 - fail operation mode
127
what does the VOR stand for?
VHF omnidirectional range
128
when is the weather data present?
when in expanded VOR and ILS modes
129
how can an EFIS self test be conducted?
test switch, central maintenance comp (CMC) or central maintenance computing function (CMFC)
130
when can an EFIS self test be conducted?
weight on wheels
131
the colour bars in EFIS test mode are presented during what mode?
PLAN on the roster presentations
132
in what order are cautions and warnings shown?
prioritise warnings over caution then chronologically
133
what does each colour represent?
red - warning
amber - caution
cyan - advisory
white - statics
green - normal
magenta info
134
what does green light mean in the landing gear system?
down and locked
135
what is the purpose of auto pilot?
reduce pilots workload
136
how many methods of disengaging autopilot must be available to the crew?
at least two
137
what is the flight director system (FDS)?
guidance aid to the pilot during manual flight
138
what does the auto trim system do?
maintain pitch stability during all phases of flight by changing the THS angle
139
the yaw damper will deflect in what direction to counteract dutch roll?
opposite
140
what does flight envelope protection do?
prevents abnormal flight conditions during auto flight
141
does auto throttle actually move the levers?
no
142
what are the engines controlled by in auto throttle?
full authority digital engine control
143
how quick is a correction control inputted after a disturbance?
50ms
144
what are the sensors for ailerons?
lateral control circuit actuators
145
how is feedback sent?
via electrical signals
146
for full flight profiled auto pilot requires sensors for what?
attitude
rate info
lateral movement
heading
speed and height
radio coupling
147
what is a duplex auto pilot system?
3 channel are for pitch, yaw and roll
148
what is the redundancy in a duplex?
signals are duplicated
149
what is the redundancy in a triplex?
signals are 3x and votes if there is dependency
150
why are closed loop systems used on aircraft?
as inputs require feedback
151
what does the outer loop system do?
gives signals to the inner loop in manual flight to pilot the auto loop controls if not autopilot controls the auto
152
what does the inner loop do?
control the flight surface
153
how do you know an aircraft is not properly trimmed?
lots of input from pilot required
154
how does the autopilot negate the position of the control surface?
feedback due to closed loop
155
what does altitude hold mode utilise?
anaeroid capsule
e and i transducer
156
what happens when autopilot is disengaged?
visual warning light
aural warning
157
what are two types of auto throttle?
auto throttle
auto thrust
158
what auto throttle mode uses the FADEC and what one moves the levers?
FADEC - auto thrust
more levers - auto throttle
159
when can auto throttle modes be used?
all flight phases
160
what does fail operational mean?
one failure can occur but leave the whole system still functioning
161
what is radio telephony?
exchange of info using radio waves
162
what is the name for taking an audible frequency and converting it to a carrier frequency?
modulation
163
when would HF frequency be used?
long range comms
164
when would VHF be used?
short range (line of sight) comms. ATC or other aircraft
165
what is the spacing between comms channels?
8.33 KHz
166
what is the frequency and the wavelength for:
HF
VHF
HF - 3MHz - 30MHz - 10m - 100m
VHF - 30MHz - 300MHz - 1m - 10m
167
what frequency are comms and what are nav?
Comms - 118 - 137MHz
Nav - 108 - 118MHz
168
what affects HF transmissions?
time of day and ionosphere
169
what are the two types of radio equipment?
transmitting
receiving
170
what does the length of the ariel depend on?
wavelength - 1/4
171
what antennas may be fitted in the radome?
weather radar
glideslope capture
localiser track
172
where would the SATCOM ariel be located?
on the top of the aircraft
173
what are the types of modulation?
frequency (FM)
amplitude (AM)
174
what is the ELT frequency?
121.50 MHz
175
what is the cabin interphone used for?
flight deck and cabin crew to talk
176
what is the service interphone used for?
flight crew and ground staff at maintenance points
177
what is a SELCAL?
private transmission sent to people that share the code
178
when can the flight interphone be used?
weight on wheels
179
what does ACARS stand for?
aircraft communicating and report system
180
what is VHF used for?
data and voice transmission
181
what affects the distance between VHF comms?
altitude cup to like 240 miles
182
what are the 3 VHF radios used for onboard?
captain
first officer
acars
183
how many frequencies can be selected at once?
2 - one is the active and the other is standby. to change press transfer button
184
what does acars do?
receives and transmits messages to company ops
185
what is the purposed of the electrical tuning unit in HF?
changes the operating length of the HF ariel
186
how many HF systems are fitted to long haul and short haul aircraft?
2 for long
1 for short
187
where is the HF ariel located?
vertical stabilisers
188
what are some safety precautions for HF?
don't operate during refuel, defuel and oxygen charging
no ops in hangar
couplers are pressurised
no personnel in vicinity
189
what has HF widely been replaced by?
SATCOM
190
what is a SELCAL code?
4 letters made of letters A through M excluding i
191
how is the pilots altered of a message?
audible chime
visual light
192
do pilots have to continuously monitor SELCAL?
No
193
what does SELCAL use?
VHF
HF - predominantly
194
what does each letter in SELCAL represent?
a chime 300 to 1000Hz
195
what can SATCOM be used for?
data transmissions
voice transmissions
196
what is done to SATCOM signals before transmission?
encrypted
197
what does SATCOM allow?
calls, emails and internet
pilot contact to atc
real time weather
most fuel efficient route
198
what orbit do international meantime satellites have?
3 of them
199
how many ground earth stations (GES) can an aircraft earth station (AES) be logged into at once?
one at a time
200
does a satcom antenna move?
yes, to always point towards the satellite via beam steering unit
201
what boosts the signal if the antenna is struggling to lock on?
high power amp
202
how does it know where the aircraft is?
how does it know where the aircraft is?
203
what one the 3 components in a satcom network?
ADIRU
204
what are the 3 components in a satcom network?
AES
GES
satellite
205
what VHF channel does aircraft communication, addressing and reporting system (ACARS) use?
VHF 3
206
are ACARS transmissions auto or manual?
Both
207
what are the two main ACARS networks?
SITA
ARINC
208
in flight what is used for ACARS transmission if VHF is out of range?
satcom
209
how do you know that ACARS is being used?
comms panel - data or acars
210
where are flight data recorders (FDR)/cockpit voice recorders (VCR) found what they look like?
behind rear pressure bulkhead
orange
211
what does the FDR record?
flight data lots of different parameters general times a second
212
what do modern CVR and FDR use to record?
solid state drives
213
how many flight hours must the CVR and FDR store?
the last 25 flight hours
214
what can the CVR and FDR withstand?
impact of 3400G
temps over 1000 degrees
6000m depth
215
when does the CVR and FDR come online?
oil pressure signal
airspeed signal
216
what does the CVR use to record voice?
cockpit area mic
217
what are the 4 channels the CVR records?
cockpit area mic
captain mic audio
FO mic audio
PA audio
218
how many DC power supplies do FDR + CVR have?
two supplies
219
what do emergency locater transmitters (ELT) transmit and at what intervals?
single output that incorporates longitude and latitude info. transmits signal every 50 seconds on a frequency of 406MHz for 24 hours
220
where are fixed ELT's located?
upper aft section of fuselage
221
when would portable ELT be used?
removal on life raft
222
what do ELTs transmit to?
SARSAT
223
what frequency do the portable ELT's operate on?
121.5MHz - 243MHz
224
what should ELT's be set too?
armed position
225
what 3 things must the pilot know in rotation to the aircraft position?
longitude
latitude
altitude
226
how many satellites must 3D nav have to give alt, lat and longitudinal?
min 4 satellites
227
how often is the FMC updated?
every 28 days
228
what is the slant range?
DME STN, distance to its hypotenuse
229
if there is no wind what is the track the same as?
the heading
230
what do ground based radio beacons give?
relative bearing
231
what is automatic direction finding used to determine?
ADF used to determine the relative bearing of an aircraft to a ground station
232
what is the relative bearing?
angle between the aircrafts nose and the ground station
233
what is another name for an ADF beacon
Non-directional beacons
234
what is ADF used for?
en route navigation
235
what is the ADF displayed on?
EHSI or radio magnetic indicator
236
what types of antenna is an ADF antenna?
continued loop
237
what are the frequencies for ADU's inputted into?
control display unit (MCDU)
238
what are the two types of bearings?
to and from
239
what are some of the VOR frequencies shared with?
ILS
240
how is the relative bearing determined from VOR?
to signals reference and variable. the phase difference is the relative bearing
241
what does the DME give the flight crew?
slant range to and from a DME NDB
242
what is the DME range?
0 to 400 NM's
243
how is the slant range computed?
elapsed time interval between the instant of interrogation to the instant of reply
244
if a DME is out of range what is displayed?
4 dashes
245
what are the 3 points of ILS?
monitor beacon
localiser
glideslope
246
what is autotuned into when you tune into the localiser?
the glideslope
247
what frequencies are ILS signals found on?
108-112 MHz but only on odd tenths
248
if you are on the centreline what is the amplitude of the AM signals?
to the left?
to the right?
on centre line amplitudes are equal
to the left 90Hz
to the right 150Hz
249
how does this work for glideslope?
same but in the vertical plane
250
what does one dot on a localiser represent?
10
251
what is the corner frequency of the marker beacon system?
75 MHz
252
what do marker beacons represent?
how far you are from the runway
253
what colour and frequency is:
outer marker?
middle marker?
inner marker?
outer - blue 400 Hz
middle - amber 1300 Hz
inner - white 3000 Hz
254
do you need to tune the marker beacon system?
no
255
how is the pilot alerted of the marker beacon?
visual
audio
256
what are some primary radar systems?
radio alt
weather
primary surveillance atc
257
what do primary radars rely on?
the radio wave reflection
258
what principle does secondary radar work off?
interrogation response
259
what are the two components of secondary radar?
integrator
transponder
260
what are the 3 secondary radar modes?
mode A - ident
mode C - ident + alt
mode S - ident + additional data
261
what is the mode used for TCAS?
mode S
262
how are radio waves transmitted?
waveguides
263
what is co axial used for?
comms
264
what is the basic ATC transponder system often referred to when communicating on rlt?
known as a squawk
265
for the TCAS system to work what mode transponder is required?
mode s
266
what is the ident in mode s?
24 bit address
267
what does tcas provide?
resolution advisory
vertical manoeuvres displays
info to flight crew
traffic advisory's
268
what is the difference between TA and RA?
-ta alert of traffic
-ra warning and gives avoidance manoeuvres
269
where may tcas advisories be shown?
vsi
nd
may be eadi
270
what alt does the rad alt display height?
2500ft to 0ft
271
why is rad alt used?
as barometric is inaccurate at low alts
272
how many rad alt antennas are there and where?
2 under side of fuselage
273
what are the main onboard users of gps?
FMC
IRS
274
what are the 3 segments of gps?
user
satellite
central
275
what are the two main gps services?
precision positioning services
standard positioning service
276
what does the IRS rely on to find speed and distance?
3 accelerometers on each plane. intergrate values to go from a-v-d
277
the lru and adiru uses data from the FMC to do what function?
calculate the gyros and accelerometers
initialise the aircraft position
278
what does the adiru do initially?
verifies the validity of the entered initial position
compares initial to gps
279
when would the align reset mode be used?
movement during alignment
280
what does FANS utilise?
GPS
satcom
281
whats CFIT?
controlled flight into terrain
282
the grand proximity warning system (GPWS) provides the pilots with visual and audible warning of what?
aircrafts closeness to terrain
283
what may be used to inhibit the gwps?
landing gear flap position
284
what is EGPWS?
enhanced GPWS
285
what is the additional mode of EGPWS?
terrain mapping
286
how many modes are there in GPWS?
6
287
what does the fms calculate?
economy speeds
best flight alt
top of descent point
287
what does the FMS give?
nav
performance
display
guidance
288
what guidance does the fms give?
LNAV and VNAV
