11.5 Flashcards
if an aircraft is IFR certified what must be different about the captain and first officer?
systems fed separately i.e altimeter, horizon etc on different systems
where is the pfd found in a glass cockpit?
outboard on both captain and first officers side
how many screens are on a basic EFIS system?
6
what are the basic T arrangement instruments and what are their positions?
top left: asi
top middle: adi
top right: alt
bottom left: turn bank indicator
bottom middle: hsi
bottom right: vsi
EADI can also be referred to as?
PFD -> primary flight display
EHSI can also be referred to as?
ND -> navigation display
what is 1 atm in HPA and inches of mercury?
HPA -> 1013.25
Inches of mercury -> 29.92
what instruments use pressure to display headings?
ALT, ASI, VSI
how many degrees does temp decrease per 1000ft?
2 degrees
what is the standard temp at sea level?
15 degrees
what pressure do altimeter use to display altitude?
static pressure
what is the pressure at 18,000, 36,000 and 54,000 compared to sea level?
18,000 -> 50%
36,000 -> 25%
54,000 -> 12.5%
are altimeters more or less accurate at low alts?
less accurate
what is used at low altitude?
radio altimeter
what does the transducer do in the radio altimeter?
convert analogue to digital
what happens to the (aneroid) bellows as alt increases?
expand mechanically linked to a pointer
why are bellows corrugated?
more sensitive
where is static pressure fed in an altimeter?
the case
large aircraft don’t have bellows what is used instead?
air data computer
why does the barometric attitude need changing?
pressure differs locally
in cruise what should the Q code be changed to?
from QFE/QNH to QNE
what is being fed into the asi?
pitot and static
what is the pitot probe connected to?
bellows/aneroid capsule
where is the static pressured fed to in an asi?
the case
what do the green, yellow and white band mean on an asi?
Green -> normal op range
yellow -> caution range only in smooth air
white -> full flap op range
airspeed limit depends on what?
VMO -> velocity max
MMO -> max mach
how does a vsi work?
static pressure into case and calibrated metering unit. utilising differential pressure
what is the problem with a vsi?
there is a lag
what is a mach meter?
ration of true airspeed to speed of sound
what is another name for SAT and what is SAT?
outside air temp
temp of undisturbed air
where is the only place where TAT and SAT are the same?
TAT is usually higher
TAT+SAT same on ground
where would TAT and SAT be displayed?
ECAM
what instruments require pitot and/or static
ALT static
ASI pitot + static
VSI static
where are static points located?
area of smooth airflow to allow undisturbed measurements of static pressure
what is the difference between the measured and real static pressure?
static source error
what causes SSE
fuselage shape
speed
configuration
how is SSE rectified?
with an ADC
when would static ports be covered?
cleaning, painting
what is the combined adc and fru?
air data inertial reference unit
what effect does side slip have on the static port?
gives a higher than normal pressure
how is the static pressure difference corrected during a side slip?
via points on either side of the fuselage, cross porting tube averages the pressure
what does the baffle prevent in the pitot probe?
containment ingress
what are some additional features of a pitot probe?
drain hole, heater to prevent ice
what does the alternate static selector valve do?
allows captain to use co pilots flight controls in case of failure
aircraft that fly at higher speeds and altitudes require what extra instruments?
true airspeed
air temp indicator
mach meter
any data sent to ECAM is sent via what?
ARINC 429
some aircraft have a third adc what is the purpose of this?
checks info and compare from adi 1 and adi 2 if one reads incorrect it is taken offline. “watch dogging” and “cross talking”
what is hot standby?
ready to use autopilot come online if needed
what do air data modules do?
pass air pressure directly into digital data word
why is the air data modules located near the static port?
save weight
what does the DME do?
display management computer takes data from ARINC 429 and converts to graphics
when would a leak test be performed?
after the system has been disturbed
when is the Q code changed to QNE?
transition level
what does encoding altimeter do?
sends a digital code to the aircrafts ATC transponder. it replies to ATC radar with altitude data gives who and how high
what does a servo altimeter work off?
induction pick off E and I bar
what is another example of the E and I bar?
linear variable differential transducer
calibrated metering unit is also called?
capillary tube
what is added to a VSI to alleviate lag (IVSI)?
dashpot -> weight between 2 springs
how long does it take a gyro to run down?
up to 20 mins
ADI’s utilise what type of gyro?
vertical axes gyro
what does vertical and horizontal refer to in vertical and horizontal gyro?
the axes the mass move around
HSI use what type of gyro?
horizontal/directional gyro
when would a rate gyro be used?
rate of turn indicator
how many laser rate gyros are needed for roll pitch and yaw info
3 gyros
what is the standard gyro powered by?
the battery
what 3 things affect the rigidity?
its mass
rotational speed
distance between the axis and the centre of mass
what factor is used to improve rigidity of the aircraft?
the rotational speed 20rpm to 24rpm
gyros have how many gimbles to provide an indication of aircrafts attitude?
one or two
what dictates the degrees of freedom?
number of gimbles
what gyros are needed on aircraft?
earth tied gyro
how many degrees of freedom does a rate gyro have?
one
a rate gyro will have how many degrees of freedom when held by springs?
1.5
what is a tied gyro?
gyro about a fixed axis
what is rigidity?
a gyros ability to maintain its axis
gyro precision depends on what?
axes that force is inputted to as reaction is 90 degrees to this
direction of spin precision felt 90 degrees to force some direction as spin
what type of gyro is a laser ring gyro?
rate gyro
how many gyros are in an ADIRU?
3 laser ring one for each axis
what is gyro wonder?
deviation from the fixed axis drift, topple depending on axis
what is gyro wonder caused by?
imbalances can be caused by wear and tear
what one the advantages of laser ring gyros?
less maintenance
no moving parts
What will disturb the back up compass on the aircraft?
Mag fields from systems
how does a laser ring gyro work?
difference in time of arrival at detectors, proportional to the aircraft movement
the IRS has how many RLG and accelerometers, where are these located?
3 RLG
3 accelerometers
longitudinal axis
what are the 3 methods of correcting wander?
pendulous vane
rotating balls
electrolytic switches
what is given on the HSI?
Heading
glidescope
localiser
weather (EHSI)
to from indicator
course selector point
how are turn and slip indicators powered?
28vdc
what does a turn and slip indicator not show?
pitch
how do you know you are in a co-ordinated turn?
the bubble will remain in the middle
standby compasses are known as what?
E2B
what does the lubber line show?
the point at which an aircraft is pointing
what are the two types of heading?
true north
magnetic north
what is variation?
difference between true north and magnetic north
what occurs to the magnets as their position with respect to magnetic north changes
inclination, retardant at certain angles
all compasses point to what?
magnetic north
how do you remember deviation and variation?
Cadburys - compass
dairy - deviation
milk - magnetic
very - variation
tasty - true
where will the flux detectors be found?
wing tips
how must all magnetic direction indicators be installed?
so that the accuracy is not excessively affected by aeroplanes magnetic fields or vibration
what can be said about hard iron magnetism?
permanent form of magnetism
hard to de-magnetise
easy to magnetise
what can be said about soft iron magnetism?
temporary magnetism
what does a direct reading compass contain?
all parts necessary to read magnetic heading
no electrical except light
why is the direct reading compass filled with fluid?
to dampen the compass scale movements
what is the purpose of the expansion unit direct reading compass?
compensates for fluid expansion by temperature changes
where is the direct reading compass located and why?
visible from each pilot seat
when does a direct reading compass read perfectly?
level flight
constant speed
what is the purpose of a compass deviation card?
for pilots to make adjustments in flight
the cable for the light in the compass is what to stop magnetism interference?
screened and trusted
what eliminates the problems with direct reading compasses?
directional gyro
what is the main component of a remote compass?
flux valve located at wing tips or vertical stabilisers
what do modern aircraft with IVS and GPS not require?
compass swing
where will a compass swing be performed?
designated compass swing base
what is the flux valve connected to?
remote compass
what compensates for SSE?
ADC
when will a stall warning go off?
before a stall
is alpha max a constant?
no charges with speed and configuration
where must the stall warning operate?
at least 5 kts or 5% above the stall speed
AOA info is taken from what?
AOA vane / Alpha vane
what are the warnings given?
audible and visual
what is the flight data shown on in a glass cockpit?
electronic flight instrument system
how are MFD (multi functional displays) controlled?
by two multifunction keypads (MFR) one for each pilot
how may the info be displayed?
Priority - warning over a caution etc
how is the brightness of the EFIS controlled?
brightness control knob on the outboard side
where are the display management computers located?
in the avionics bay
Benefit to EFIS?
all data presented in a user friendly
what does a basic EFIS require?
symbol generators
displays to show data
computer to process info
sensors
what is a comparator unit?
compares info from captains and FO’s sensors
what does the PFD show?
airspeed . heading
attitude . altitude
vertical speed
radio alt . flight guidance cures
what does the ND show?
vor modes
approach modes
map modes
what would a warning display show?
EICAS/ECAM - warnings
comms messages - cautions
memos - advisories
what are the two types of map display?
rose and arc
what display is the FMC shown?
EHSI
when will the FLT DLR be used?
flying manually
if there are no issues with autopilot, what will the autopilot/Autoland status be?
land 3 - fail operation mode
what does the VOR stand for?
VHF omnidirectional range
when is the weather data present?
when in expanded VOR and ILS modes
how can an EFIS self test be conducted?
test switch, central maintenance comp (CMC) or central maintenance computing function (CMFC)
when can an EFIS self test be conducted?
weight on wheels
the colour bars in EFIS test mode are presented during what mode?
PLAN on the roster presentations
in what order are cautions and warnings shown?
prioritise warnings over caution then chronologically
what does each colour represent?
red - warning
amber - caution
cyan - advisory
white - statics
green - normal
magenta info
what does green light mean in the landing gear system?
down and locked
what is the purpose of auto pilot?
reduce pilots workload
how many methods of disengaging autopilot must be available to the crew?
at least two
what is the flight director system (FDS)?
guidance aid to the pilot during manual flight
what does the auto trim system do?
maintain pitch stability during all phases of flight by changing the THS angle
the yaw damper will deflect in what direction to counteract dutch roll?
opposite
what does flight envelope protection do?
prevents abnormal flight conditions during auto flight
does auto throttle actually move the levers?
no
what are the engines controlled by in auto throttle?
full authority digital engine control
how quick is a correction control inputted after a disturbance?
50ms
what are the sensors for ailerons?
lateral control circuit actuators
how is feedback sent?
via electrical signals
for full flight profiled auto pilot requires sensors for what?
attitude
rate info
lateral movement
heading
speed and height
radio coupling
what is a duplex auto pilot system?
3 channel are for pitch, yaw and roll
what is the redundancy in a duplex?
signals are duplicated
what is the redundancy in a triplex?
signals are 3x and votes if there is dependency
why are closed loop systems used on aircraft?
as inputs require feedback
what does the outer loop system do?
gives signals to the inner loop in manual flight to pilot the auto loop controls if not autopilot controls the auto
what does the inner loop do?
control the flight surface
how do you know an aircraft is not properly trimmed?
lots of input from pilot required
how does the autopilot negate the position of the control surface?
feedback due to closed loop
what does altitude hold mode utilise?
anaeroid capsule
e and i transducer
what happens when autopilot is disengaged?
visual warning light
aural warning
what are two types of auto throttle?
auto throttle
auto thrust
what auto throttle mode uses the FADEC and what one moves the levers?
FADEC - auto thrust
more levers - auto throttle
when can auto throttle modes be used?
all flight phases
what does fail operational mean?
one failure can occur but leave the whole system still functioning
what is radio telephony?
exchange of info using radio waves
what is the name for taking an audible frequency and converting it to a carrier frequency?
modulation
when would HF frequency be used?
long range comms
when would VHF be used?
short range (line of sight) comms. ATC or other aircraft
what is the spacing between comms channels?
8.33 KHz
what is the frequency and the wavelength for:
HF
VHF
HF - 3MHz - 30MHz - 10m - 100m
VHF - 30MHz - 300MHz - 1m - 10m
what frequency are comms and what are nav?
Comms - 118 - 137MHz
Nav - 108 - 118MHz
what affects HF transmissions?
time of day and ionosphere
what are the two types of radio equipment?
transmitting
receiving
what does the length of the ariel depend on?
wavelength - 1/4
what antennas may be fitted in the radome?
weather radar
glideslope capture
localiser track
where would the SATCOM ariel be located?
on the top of the aircraft
what are the types of modulation?
frequency (FM)
amplitude (AM)
what is the ELT frequency?
121.50 MHz
what is the cabin interphone used for?
flight deck and cabin crew to talk
what is the service interphone used for?
flight crew and ground staff at maintenance points
what is a SELCAL?
private transmission sent to people that share the code
when can the flight interphone be used?
weight on wheels
what does ACARS stand for?
aircraft communicating and report system
what is VHF used for?
data and voice transmission
what affects the distance between VHF comms?
altitude cup to like 240 miles
what are the 3 VHF radios used for onboard?
captain
first officer
acars
how many frequencies can be selected at once?
2 - one is the active and the other is standby. to change press transfer button
what does acars do?
receives and transmits messages to company ops
what is the purposed of the electrical tuning unit in HF?
changes the operating length of the HF ariel
how many HF systems are fitted to long haul and short haul aircraft?
2 for long
1 for short
where is the HF ariel located?
vertical stabilisers
what are some safety precautions for HF?
don’t operate during refuel, defuel and oxygen charging
no ops in hangar
couplers are pressurised
no personnel in vicinity
what has HF widely been replaced by?
SATCOM
what is a SELCAL code?
4 letters made of letters A through M excluding i
how is the pilots altered of a message?
audible chime
visual light
do pilots have to continuously monitor SELCAL?
No
what does SELCAL use?
VHF
HF - predominantly
what does each letter in SELCAL represent?
a chime 300 to 1000Hz
what can SATCOM be used for?
data transmissions
voice transmissions
what is done to SATCOM signals before transmission?
encrypted
what does SATCOM allow?
calls, emails and internet
pilot contact to atc
real time weather
most fuel efficient route
what orbit do international meantime satellites have?
3 of them
how many ground earth stations (GES) can an aircraft earth station (AES) be logged into at once?
one at a time
does a satcom antenna move?
yes, to always point towards the satellite via beam steering unit
what boosts the signal if the antenna is struggling to lock on?
high power amp
how does it know where the aircraft is?
how does it know where the aircraft is?
what one the 3 components in a satcom network?
ADIRU
what are the 3 components in a satcom network?
AES
GES
satellite
what VHF channel does aircraft communication, addressing and reporting system (ACARS) use?
VHF 3
are ACARS transmissions auto or manual?
Both
what are the two main ACARS networks?
SITA
ARINC
in flight what is used for ACARS transmission if VHF is out of range?
satcom
how do you know that ACARS is being used?
comms panel - data or acars
where are flight data recorders (FDR)/cockpit voice recorders (VCR) found what they look like?
behind rear pressure bulkhead
orange
what does the FDR record?
flight data lots of different parameters general times a second
what do modern CVR and FDR use to record?
solid state drives
how many flight hours must the CVR and FDR store?
the last 25 flight hours
what can the CVR and FDR withstand?
impact of 3400G
temps over 1000 degrees
6000m depth
when does the CVR and FDR come online?
oil pressure signal
airspeed signal
what does the CVR use to record voice?
cockpit area mic
what are the 4 channels the CVR records?
cockpit area mic
captain mic audio
FO mic audio
PA audio
how many DC power supplies do FDR + CVR have?
two supplies
what do emergency locater transmitters (ELT) transmit and at what intervals?
single output that incorporates longitude and latitude info. transmits signal every 50 seconds on a frequency of 406MHz for 24 hours
where are fixed ELT’s located?
upper aft section of fuselage
when would portable ELT be used?
removal on life raft
what do ELTs transmit to?
SARSAT
what frequency do the portable ELT’s operate on?
121.5MHz - 243MHz
what should ELT’s be set too?
armed position
what 3 things must the pilot know in rotation to the aircraft position?
longitude
latitude
altitude
how many satellites must 3D nav have to give alt, lat and longitudinal?
min 4 satellites
how often is the FMC updated?
every 28 days
what is the slant range?
DME STN, distance to its hypotenuse
if there is no wind what is the track the same as?
the heading
what do ground based radio beacons give?
relative bearing
what is automatic direction finding used to determine?
ADF used to determine the relative bearing of an aircraft to a ground station
what is the relative bearing?
angle between the aircrafts nose and the ground station
what is another name for an ADF beacon
Non-directional beacons
what is ADF used for?
en route navigation
what is the ADF displayed on?
EHSI or radio magnetic indicator
what types of antenna is an ADF antenna?
continued loop
what are the frequencies for ADU’s inputted into?
control display unit (MCDU)
what are the two types of bearings?
to and from
what are some of the VOR frequencies shared with?
ILS
how is the relative bearing determined from VOR?
to signals reference and variable. the phase difference is the relative bearing
what does the DME give the flight crew?
slant range to and from a DME NDB
what is the DME range?
0 to 400 NM’s
how is the slant range computed?
elapsed time interval between the instant of interrogation to the instant of reply
if a DME is out of range what is displayed?
4 dashes
what are the 3 points of ILS?
monitor beacon
localiser
glideslope
what is autotuned into when you tune into the localiser?
the glideslope
what frequencies are ILS signals found on?
108-112 MHz but only on odd tenths
if you are on the centreline what is the amplitude of the AM signals?
to the left?
to the right?
on centre line amplitudes are equal
to the left 90Hz
to the right 150Hz
how does this work for glideslope?
same but in the vertical plane
what does one dot on a localiser represent?
10
what is the corner frequency of the marker beacon system?
75 MHz
what do marker beacons represent?
how far you are from the runway
what colour and frequency is:
outer marker?
middle marker?
inner marker?
outer - blue 400 Hz
middle - amber 1300 Hz
inner - white 3000 Hz
do you need to tune the marker beacon system?
no
how is the pilot alerted of the marker beacon?
visual
audio
what are some primary radar systems?
radio alt
weather
primary surveillance atc
what do primary radars rely on?
the radio wave reflection
what principle does secondary radar work off?
interrogation response
what are the two components of secondary radar?
integrator
transponder
what are the 3 secondary radar modes?
mode A - ident
mode C - ident + alt
mode S - ident + additional data
what is the mode used for TCAS?
mode S
how are radio waves transmitted?
waveguides
what is co axial used for?
comms
what is the basic ATC transponder system often referred to when communicating on rlt?
known as a squawk
for the TCAS system to work what mode transponder is required?
mode s
what is the ident in mode s?
24 bit address
what does tcas provide?
resolution advisory
vertical manoeuvres displays
info to flight crew
traffic advisory’s
what is the difference between TA and RA?
-ta alert of traffic
-ra warning and gives avoidance manoeuvres
where may tcas advisories be shown?
vsi
nd
may be eadi
what alt does the rad alt display height?
2500ft to 0ft
why is rad alt used?
as barometric is inaccurate at low alts
how many rad alt antennas are there and where?
2 under side of fuselage
what are the main onboard users of gps?
FMC
IRS
what are the 3 segments of gps?
user
satellite
central
what are the two main gps services?
precision positioning services
standard positioning service
what does the IRS rely on to find speed and distance?
3 accelerometers on each plane. intergrate values to go from a-v-d
the lru and adiru uses data from the FMC to do what function?
calculate the gyros and accelerometers
initialise the aircraft position
what does the adiru do initially?
verifies the validity of the entered initial position
compares initial to gps
when would the align reset mode be used?
movement during alignment
what does FANS utilise?
GPS
satcom
whats CFIT?
controlled flight into terrain
the grand proximity warning system (GPWS) provides the pilots with visual and audible warning of what?
aircrafts closeness to terrain
what may be used to inhibit the gwps?
landing gear flap position
what is EGPWS?
enhanced GPWS
what is the additional mode of EGPWS?
terrain mapping
how many modes are there in GPWS?
6
what does the fms calculate?
economy speeds
best flight alt
top of descent point
what does the FMS give?
nav
performance
display
guidance
what guidance does the fms give?
LNAV and VNAV
