Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
all living cells of the body require _______
oxygen
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
functions of resp system
provide oxygen for cells
remove carbon dioxide from blood
regulate pH of body fluids
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
act of respiration involves
- ventilation
- gas exchange
- transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- gas exchange between blood and tissues
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
structures of the resp system
nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
upper resp tract is
nasal cavity
pharynx
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
lower resp tract is
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the nasal cavity is located inside the _______ and joins the _______
external nose
pharynx
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ divides the nasal cavity into right/left halves
nasal septum
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the anterior part of the septum is
cartiliage
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
posterior aspect of septum is made up of _______ and the _______ of the _______ bone
vomer
perpendicular plate
ethmoid
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
nares
nostril openings
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the nares are lined with
stratified epithelium
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
floor of the nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
functions of the nasal cavity
passageway for air when mouth is closed
cleans air
humidifies and warms the air
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what cleans air in nasal cavity
mucous traps the debris
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what secretes nasal mucous
goblet cells
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where are nasal goblet cells located
pseudostratififed ciliated columnar epithelium of the conchae
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what contains the olfactory epithelium
nasal cavity
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where are paranasal sinuses located
nasal cavity
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
function of paranasal sinuses
resonate sound
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is a common opening in upper resp track
pharynx
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what shares the opening of the pharynx
gi tract
respiratory system
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many regions of pharynx
3
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what are regions of pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the superior part of the pharynx and extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula
nasopharynx
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what prevents food from entering the nasopharynx upon swallowing
soft palate
uvula
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ extends from the uvula to the epiglottis
oropharynx
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is posterior to the layrnx and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus
laryngopharynx
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
larynx has a casing of _______ that are connected
9 cartilage rings
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
larynx’s cartilage rings are connected to each other by
muscles and ligaments
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many pairs in the larynx cartilage rings
6 are paired
3 unpaired
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
largest larynx ring is _______ and is unpaired
thyroid cartilage
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
other name for thyroid cartilage
adam’s apple
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
most inferior of larynx cartilage rings is the
cricoid cartilage (unpaired)
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
3rd unpaired larynx ring is the
epiglottis
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is epiglottis attached to
thyroid cartilage
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
function of epiglottis
when you swallow it covers the opening of the larynx and prevents food from entering it
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
vocal chords are
pair of ligaments
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where do vocal chord extend off from
arytenoid cartilage to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
opening between vocal chords
glottis
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
function of larynx
open air way
prevent food from entering larynx
produce sound for speech
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the _______ and _______ cartilages maintain open air way in the larynx
thyroid
cricoid
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the _______ prevents food from entering the larynx
epiglottis
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the _______ produce sound for speech
vocal cords
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the trachea is often referred to as the
wind pipe
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
trachea is reinforced with _______ of cartilage
15-20 C shaped rings
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
posterior part of the trachea contains
no cartilage
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is posterior part of the trachea made up of
trachealis muscle
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
blocked airway requires an emergency _______ performed
cricothyrotomy
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where is incision made in cricothyrotomy
incision made between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
diameter of trachea
12 mm
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
length of trachea
10-12 cm
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
trachea descends to level of
T-5
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
trachea divides to form _______
two primary bronchi
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where does trachea divide to from primary bronchi
carina
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what shape is the bronchial
tree
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what does the bronchial tree encompass
trachea to small tubes deep in lung tissue
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many zones in bronchial tree
2
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what are zones in bronchial tree
conducting
respiratory
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the right and left primary bronchi travel to
lungs
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the right primary bronchus is _______ than the left
shorter
wider in diameter
directed more vertical
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
primary bronchi divides into _______ bronchi
secondary or lobar
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many secondary bronchi does left lung have
2
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many secondary bronchi does right lung have
3
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the lobar divides into the _______ bronchi
tertiary or segmental
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
segmental bronchi divide into
terminal broncioles
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
bronchial branch division
primary –} secondary/lobar –} tertiary/segmental –} terminal bronchioles
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what are in the conducting zone of bronchial tree
primary thru bronchioles
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ extends from the terminal bronchioles to the alveoli
respiratory zone
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ are the small air filled chambers in the lung
alveoli
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what occurs at the alveoli
gas exchange between air and blood
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what are principle organs of resp system
lungs
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
based off what criteria would lungs be the largest organ in body
volume
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what do the lungs rest on at their base
diaphragm
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
right lung is _______ left lung
larger
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
right lung has
3 lobes
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
left lung has
2 lobes
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the thoracic wall consists of
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum
costal cartilages
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
muscles of inspiration
diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what stimulates disphragm
phrenic nerve
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
muscles of expiration
external intercostal muslces
pectoralis minor
scalene muscle
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
pleura is
lining of pleural cavity
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what does lung recoil do
causes the alveoli to collaspe
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what causes lung recoil
elastic recoil of the elastic tissue of the alveoli walls
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ occurs at the boundary between water and air
surface tension
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
surface tension occurs due to the formation of _______ on teh surface of the _______ which causes the alveoli to collapse
droplet of water
alveoli
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is a lipoprotein secreted by the alveolar cells
surfactant
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what do surfactants do
form a layer over the alveoli to reuce the surface tension
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is given to pregnant mother’s to help with resp functions in premature babies
cortisol injections
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs
ventilation
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
during inspiration the air movement is the result of
difference in barometric pressure outside the lungs and in the alveoli
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ occurs due to the change of pressure in the lungs relative to the outside
expiration
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
during expiration the pressure in the _______ is greater than atmospheric air
alveoli
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the pressure that is in the pleural cavity
pleural pressure
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
when the pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the alveoli the lungs will
expand
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
when the pleural pressure equals the alveolar pressure due to an injury that penetrates teh pleural cavity, the lung will
collapse
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
collapse lung is called
pneumonthorax
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the measure of the ease at which the lungs and thorax expand
compliance
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the greater the compliance, the easier to cause _______ of the lungs
expansion
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
causes of decreased compliance
deposits collapse of alveoli pulmonary edema air way obstruction kyphosis scoliosis
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
deposits of _______ in lung tissue decrease compliance
inelastic fibers
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is kyphosis
roundback
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the measure of the volume of air that moves in and ot of the lungs
spirometry
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
spirometry measures:
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the total volume of air that is inspired and exspired
tidal volume
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the amount of air that can be expelled forcibly after normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the air volume left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the total amount of air moved in and out of the resp system each minute
minute ventilation
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is tidal volume x resp rate
minute ventilation
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is teh number of breaths taken per minute
resp rate
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is average resp rate
16 per minute
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
does resp rate measure the amount of air that is exchanged in the alveolus
no
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the part of the resp system where gas exchange does not occur
anatomic dead space
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what forms the anatomic dead space
nasal cavity phayrnx larynx trachea bronchioles terminal bronchioles
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
factors that impact the rate of gas diffusion across the resp membrane are:
thickness of membrane diffusion coefficient of gas surface area of the membrane differences of the partial pressure of the gas transport of oxygen and co2 in blood
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is the diffusion coefficient of gas
measurement of how easily a gas diffuses through a tissue or liquid
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is a normal membrane surface area
70m2
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
once oxygen is diffused into the blood, the oxygen is bound to
hemoglobin
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
hemoglobin carries oxygenated blood from the _______ to the _______ where the oxygen is released
pulmonary capillaries
tissue capillaries
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
oxygen diffuses from the tissue capillaries to the _______ and from there to the _______ to be used in _______
interstitial fluid
cells of the body
aerobic metabolism
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is continually being produced as a byprouct of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
as ph of blood reduces this reduces
oxygen bound to hemoglobin
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what causes ph of blood to reduce
increase in H+ ions
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is when H+ can combine with the hemoglobin changing its structure and reducing the ability of oxygen to bind to it
Bohr Effect
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
an increase in _______ will also reduce the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
CO2
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
increase in CO2 is increase in
H+ ions
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
and increase in _______ will affect amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
body temp
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
carbon dioxide is transported 3 ways
dissolved in plasma
combined with blood proteins
form of bicarbonate ions
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what % of CO2 transport is by plasma
7%
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what % of CO2 transport is by blood proteins
23%
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what % of CO2 transport is by bicarbonate ions
70%
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where on hemoglobin does CO2 bind
globin
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the propensity of hemoglobin to bind with co2 after it has released its O2
Haldane effect
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where is the rhythm of ventilation controlled
neurons of the medulla
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what determines the rate of resp
frequency of resp muscle stimulation
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the medullary resp center has 4 groups
2 dorsal
2 ventral
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the 2 dorsal resp groups active during
inspiration
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
2 dorsal resp groups stimulate
contraction of diaphragm
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
2 ventral resp groups active during
inspiration and expiration
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
2 ventral resp groups stimulate
intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is when information from the body relating to levels of blood gasses, muscel activity, and body temp all stimulate the medulla
starting inspiration
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is when input to the medullary centers reach threshhold
stopping inspiration
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
does medulla centers only control ventilation
no
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ can consciously or unconsciously +/- resp
cerebral cortex
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
emotions via the _______ can impact ventilation
limbic
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is greater than normal levels of CO2
hypercapnia
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ will stimulate increased resp
hypoxia
