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[21] Introduction to Molecular Biology > [02] DNA Structure and Replication > Flashcards

[02] DNA Structure and Replication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A
  • Double Helix
  • Made of nucleotides
  • Composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
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2
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?

A
  • Deoxyribose (a sugar)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base
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3
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Guanine (G)
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4
Q

What bases in DNA pair together?

A
  • Adenine pairs with Thymine
  • Cytosine pairs with Guanine
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5
Q

How are the strands of DNA held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases:

  • A+T → 2 bonds
  • C+G → 3 bonds
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6
Q

What is the function of DNA replication?

A

To create a duplicate copy of a DNA molecule

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7
Q

What is the direction of DNA replication?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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8
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase in replication?

A

It adds new nucleotides to a replicating DNA strand

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9
Q

What is DNA helicase?

A

The enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication

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10
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

The area where the DNA molecule is opening up, like a zipper, during DNA replication

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11
Q

What is the leading strand in DNA replication?

A

The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during replication

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12
Q

What is the lagging strand in DNA replication?

A

The DNA strand that is synthesized in short fragments, known as Okazaki fragments

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13
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication

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14
Q

What enzyme links Okazaki fragments together?

A

DNA ligase

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15
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A

The process in which the replicated DNA molecule consists of one old (conserved) strand and one new strand

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16
Q

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

A

It synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication

17
Q

What is an RNA primer?

A

A short piece of RNA needed for DNA polymerase to start synthesis of the new DNA strand

18
Q

What is the role of topoisomerases in DNA replication?

A

They relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork

19
Q

What does antiparallel mean in the context of DNA?

A

The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions

20
Q

What is the role of DNA Polymerase I in DNA replication?

A

It removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

[21] Introduction to Molecular Biology (53 decks)

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