Yr10 chemistry atoms, ions bonds n stuff Flashcards
Ions are _____ particles
charged
In an ionic compound, the metal is the ______ ion
positive
In an ionic compound, the non-metal is the ______ ion
negative
Are ionic compounds soluble in water?
yes
Are ionic compounds conductive in water?
yes
Are ionic compounds conductive as a solid?
yes
Why are ionic compounds (not?) soluble in water?
Water has a slight charge which is attracted to the ions
Why are ionic compounds (not?) conductive as a solid?
Ions can’t move, and to conduct electricity, the substance needs to be charged (which ions are) and be able to move (which solids can’t)
Why are ionic compounds (not?) conductive as water?
To conduct electricty substances need to be charged and able to move. Ions in water are charged, and because they have dissolved they can move.
What are the properties of ionic compounds? (and why?)
Hard, but brittle. this is because of the strong forces of attraction. They are brittle because they are made of layers which can snap apart.
do ionic compounds have high/low melting/boiling points? why?
High melting points
This is because ionic solids contain strong forces of electrostatic attraction and a lot of energy is needed to break these bonds
How are ionic solids arranged?
In a lattice
Why does magnesium oxide have a higher melting point that sodium chloride?
Because the bonds are stronger. Oxygen ions are -2 ions, magnesium ions are +2 compared to sodium and chloride’s +1 / -1
What do most ionic compounds look like?
White powder (exception copper sulfate)
Why does ionic bonding happen?
All atoms “want” a full outer shell of electrons like a noble gas. Metals need to lose electrons while non-metals need to gain them. Metals will “give” non-metals their electrons, so in the end all the atoms- now ions- are balanced. They are ions because they now have an uneven number of protons and electrons
What is another word for a negative ion?
anion
What is another word for a positive ion?
cation
Describe the arrangement of ions in an ionic lattice
It is an assembly of positive and negative ions held together by forces of electrostatic attraction, arranged in a regular array. Ionic bonds are non-directional, with every ion attracted to all its neighbours.
What does isoelectronic mean?
ions with the same electronic configuration
What is the word for atoms with the same electronic configuration?
isoelectronic
What is group one called?
The alkali metals
Group seven are the…
halogens
Which word should you never use when describing bonds?
weak
Which word should you never use when describing forces?
strong
Why is an alloy not a compound?
The different elements in the alloy are not chemically bonded, but are “set” into the metal
What is one layer of graphite called?
Graphine
What is diamond’s melting point like and why?
Very high. this is because each carbon atom has four strong covalent bonds, each of which need a lot of energy to overcome
What is diamond’s conductivity like and why?
It cannot conduct electricity as nothing in diamond’s structure can move.
Give a description of diamond’s structure
Each carbon has four strong bonds. It is a regular repeating structure
What is diamond’s hardness like and why?
Very hard- the hardest substance on earth. This is because of its structure (CHECK)
What are diamond’s industrial uses like and why?
Drill heads (very hard) and jewelry (you can cut along a line of atoms in diamond, and can make very sharp, precise cuts (CHECK))
What is graphite’s melting point like and why?
Very high, not as high as diamond, but each carbon still have three strong covalent bonds that need lots of energy to overcome.
What is graphite’s conductivity like and why?
Very conductive, because delocalised electrons can move.
What is graphite’s hardness like and why?
Very soft. Layers slide and break of easily because of weak intermolecular forces between layers
What are graphite’s industrial uses and why?
Pencil led- due to softness and layers breaking easily
Lubricant- better than liquid, graphite lubricant won’t melt or run out the machine
What is another example of a giant covalent structure like diamond?
silicon, silicon dioxide
What is the formula for sulphuric acid?
H2SO4
What is the formula for sulphate?
SO₄²⁻
What is the formula for carbonate?
CO₃²⁻
What is the formula for hydrogencarbonate?
HCO₃⁻
What is the charge of sulfide?
-2
Remember to use the correct formulas for things like magnesium! (mg not m)
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
What is a nanometre?
a millionth of a millimetre
OR 1 x 10^-9 metres
what does nanoscience refer to?
it refers to structures that are 1 - 100 nm in size
why do nanoparticles have different properties to their larger versions?
they have a larger SA : V ratio
Give some examples of uses for nanotechnology
medicine, electronics, energy production
Give some disadvantages of nanotechnology
concerns about toxicity, environmental concerns with microplastics in the food chain,
What are polymers
Polymers are plastics- long chainlike molecules linked together by strong covalent bonds. All polymers are solids at room temperature
What are polymers made of, and how do they effect the plastic produced?
Monomers undergo polymerisation to make a polymer. If you modify the monomer, you modify the polymer.
What are the three allotropes of carbon?
diamond, graphite and fullerenes
Give two examples of fullerenes
Buckminster fullerene and carbon nanotubes
What are the properties of carbon nanotubes?
They are graphene rolled into a cylinder.
they are good conductors of heat and electricity
very strong
used as catalysts
large SA
What are the properties of buckminster fullerenes/ buckyballs?
Made up of 60 carbon atoms, each of which forms a double bond and two singles
Simple molecular
Much lower melting points than diamond or graphite
What are fullerenes?
Hollow 3D shapes made of carbon
What are some applications of buckminster fullerene?
Delivering harmful drugs in a “cage” straight to cancer cells
Sieves for large particles like viruses
Lubricant- non stick coating for machinery, like ball bearings
Chemical sponges for toxic substances
