Digestion Flashcards
What are the seven nutrients?
Fat, minerals, water, fibre, protein, carbohydrates and vitamins
Where can you find carbohydrates? (List 7)
bread, pasta, rice,corn, potatoes, milk, popcorn
Where can you find fats?
meat,butter, ghee, lard, cheese, cream, chocolate, biscuits, cakes, pastries, palm oil, coconut oil/cream.
Where can you find proteins?
meat, eggs, milk, nuts, fish
Where can you find fibre?
fruit, veg, bread,cereals,grains,
Where can you find vitamins?
veg, fruit
What is another word for fats?
Lipids
What is carbohydrate’s main function in the body?
for energy
What is protein’s main function in the body?
growth and repair
What is mineral’s main function in the body?
in small amounts to make chemicals
What is vitamin’s main function in the body?
in small amounts for cells to work properly
What is lipid’s main function in the body?
for energy and cell membranes
How do you test for starch?
iodine
How do you test for protein?
biuret
How do you test for glucose?
benedict’s
How do you test for lipids?
alcohol
What is the positive reaction for the iodine test?
black
What is the positive reaction for the benedicts test?
brick red
What is the positive reaction for the biuret test?
Lilac
What is the positive reaction for the alcohol test?
clear with a top cloudy layer
What are the tiny hairs on villi?
microvilli
what is mastication?
chewing (mechanical digestion)
what is peristalsis?
muscles in the oesphagus contracting in turn
What is an enzyme?
biological catalysts in living organisms. they speed up the rate of chemical reactions without being altered in the process
What is denaturing?
When an enzyme is in the wrong pH or a temperature that is too high, the bonds holding the active site together break, and the enzyme is no longer complimentary with the substrate.
What does the mouth do?
The smell of food triggers salivary glands to secrete saliva, containing amylase, which chemically breaks down starch. There is also mechanical digestion- chewing increases the food pieces’ surface area
what does the oesphagus do?
Carries food to the stomach, push through with a series of muscular contractions
what is gastric juice?
a mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus
What does the stomach do?
Contains acid that kills any ingested bacteria and produces protease to break down proteins. The muscular walls contract to churn food, to break it into smaller pieces.
What does the small intestine do?
Produces protease, amylase and lipase. Soluble products of digestion are absorbed into the blood through the walls, which are covered in projections which increase the surface area
where are villi found?
small intestine
What does the liver do?
Produces bile, detoxifies blood and processes digested food.
What does the pancreas do?
Produces digestive enzymes, which are secreted into the first segment of the small intestine. Also makes insulin which is secreted directly into the bloodstream
What are proteins broken down into?
amino acids
What are lipids broken down into?
fatty acids and glycerol
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
maltose, and eventually glucose
What breaks down carbs?
carbohydrase
What breaks down protein?
protease (versions include pepsin trypsin and pancreatic protease some of which may or may not be the same thing)
What breaks down fats?
lipase
What is amylase?
a type of carbohydrase
where is amylase found?
saliva and small intestine
What does the gall bladder do?
Stores excess bile before releasing it into the small intestine
What is the original colour of the biuret test?
Blue
What is the original colour of the alcohol test?
colourless
What is the original colour of the iodine test?
Brown
What is bile used for?
Bile is alkaline so neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It emulsifiers fats to form small droplets which increases the surface area
Which organs make enzymes?
Pancreas, liver, stomach, small intestine
What is used in experiments modelling digestion?
Visking tubing
What type of carbohydrate is found in potatoes?
Starch
Which deficiency disease do you get from not eating enough vitamin c?
Scurvy.
What is scurvy?
A deficiency disease you get from not eating enough vitamin c. Often sailors got scurvy on long sea voyages because they could not eat enough fresh fruit and veg.
What is insulin?
The chief hormone for metabolising sugar
What enzymes does the pancreas produce?
Lipase, carbohydrase and pancreatic protease
What is the name for the series of muscular contractions that carries food down into the stomach ?
Peristalsis
What is peristalsis?
the series of muscular contractions that carries food down into the stomach
What is the name for the mass of chewed food that passes from the mouth to the stomach?
The bolus
What is the bolus?
the mass of chewed food that passes from the mouth to the stomach
What is the chyme?
the mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that leaves the stomach
What is the name for the mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that leaves the stomach?
The chyme
What type of acid does the stomach contain?
Hydrochloric acid
What does the large intestine do?
The LI is responsible for processing waste. Bacteria break down anything that has not been fully digested. As material passes through, water is absorbed into the blood.
What do faeces contain?
Food debris (Fibre) and bacteria
What does the rectum do?
Connects the large intestine to the anus
Receives faeces from the LI
Lets the person know there is stool to be evacuated
Holds the stool until evacuation
How long is the rectum?
8 inches
Digestion means to break food down into smaller, _____ molecules
Soluble
Chemicals that speed up digestion are called…
Enzymes
What type of enzyme does the stomach produce?
Protease
Which parts of the body use mechanical digestion?
Mouth, stomach
What is the name of the protease found in the stomach?
Pepsin
What is the name of the protease found in the small intestine?
Trypsin
What is the ideal pH for pepsin?
2
What is the ideal pH for trypsin?
9
What is the ideal pH for salivary amylase?
7
What is the ideal pH for lipase?
8
Where does mechanical digestion take place?
Mouth, stomach, SI
When the substrate is being broken down by an enzyme, what is it called?
enzyme-substrate complex
How long is the small intestine and how does this help the digestion process?
7m of small intestine gives ample time for absorption of soluble molecules as food moves along
How thick is the wall of the SI?
One cell thick
What is the part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into?
the active site
What does catalase break down?
hydrogen peroxide
What are the adaptions of the small intestine? (4)
7m long
one cell thick walls
villi + microvilli
good blood supply
What is the peak of an graph called (ie temperature)
optimum
What is is called when the graph flattens out
plateauing
What does Q10=2 mean?
For every 10 degrees the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases
What chemical is in bile that neutralises the acid from the stomach?
Sodium hydrogcarbonate
What should you NOT mention when writing about enzymes?
Kinetic energy
